INDIAN HISTORY THROUGH MAP- PART-S

(1) Sadras / Sadurangapattinam / Sadiravasagan Pattinam 

• Sadras is a fortress town located on India's Coromandel Coast in Kanchipuram District, 70 km south of Chennai in Tamil Nadu state. Modern Sadras was established as part of Dutch Coromandel in the seventeenth century, which was even before center for weaving superfine muslin cloth for export besides Pearl and edible oil. 
• The magnificent Sadras Fort, built for commercial purposes by the Dutch. The fortress was raided by the British in 1818 and came under the control of the British East India Company.The first battle between British East India Company and the Dutch started here as Battle of Sadras.

(2) Sakala / Sagala / Sialkot

• Excavations throughout the area have revealed large amounts of Greek coins, ancient Zoroastrian temples and several Buddhiststupas. 
• According to the Greek historical texts, which bring mention of the city of Sialkot dating back to before 327 BC when the city was known as Sagala, it represented the eastern-most outpost and expansion of the Hellenic Empire created by Alexander. The Greek historians state that the city was one of the most productive Silk regions of the Achaemenid Empire. 
Following his overthrowing of the Mauryan Empire, Pushyamitra Sunga established the Sunga Empire and expanded northwest as far as Sagala.
• Sakala or Sagala was one of the capitals, of the Indo-Greek Kingdom which broke-away from Greco-Bactrian Kingdom.



Indo-Greek king, Menander, ruled in Sialkot during the 2nd century

• Sialkot became a part of the Muslim Sultanate of Delhi when the Afghan noble Sultan Shahab-ud-Din Muhammad Ghauri conquered Punjab in 1185. He was unable to conquer Lahore but left a garrison in Sialkot. Later, Sultan Khusro Malik tried to capture the city but failed to do so. Sialkot then became a part of the Muslim Mughal Empire which was of Central Asian origin.
• During the era of the Mughal Emperor,Akbar, the present district of Sialkot formed a part of the Rachna-Bar Sarkar of the Lahore province. 
• At the end of the Mughal dynasty, the suburbs and the outlying districts and areas of Sialkot were left to themselves. Sialkot, itself, was appropriated by powerful families of Pashtuns.
• After the decline of the Mughal Empire, the Sikh invaded and occupied Sialkot

(3) Salsette (In Bombay)

• The metropolis of Mumbai (formerly Bombay), the city of Thane and Mira-Bhayandar lie on Salsette Island (Salsete).
• 109 Buddhist caves, including those at Kanheri, can be found on the island, and date from the end of the 2nd century.
• Salsette was ruled by a succession of Hindu kingdoms, the last of which were the Silharas. In 1343, the islands were annexed by the Muslim Sultanate of Gujarat. In 1534, the Portuguese took the islands from Sultan Bahadur Shah of Gujarat. 
• In 1661, the seven Bombay islets were ceded to Britain as part of the dowry of Catherine to King Charles II of England while Salsette remained in Portuguese hands. King Charles, in turn, leased the Bombay islets to the British East India Company in 1668 for £10 per year. 
• In 1739 the island was captured by the Marathas.
• The British occupied Salsette in 1774, which was formally ceded to the East India Company in the 1782 Treaty of Salbai.

(4) Sambhal

• In the late 12th century, Sambhal was the capital of Prithviraj Chauhan, the King of Hindu Kshatriya Chauhan (Chauhamana) dynasty, until he changed his capital to Delhi andAjmer. In the late 15th and early 16th centuries, the second ruler of the Afghan Lodi Dynasty, Sikandar Lodi made Sambhal one of his provincial capitals.During the reign of the third Mughal Emperor, Akbar, Sambhal was a 'Sarkar' in the 'Subah' of Delhi and had a brick fort.Babur kept the foundation stone of Sambhal's Jama masjid.
• Shahi Jama Masjid:The Sambhal mosque, built by a Mughal general, Mir Hindu Beg, in 1528, is the only surviving Mughal building constructed during the time of Babar.
• Kalki Mandir,Suraj Kund Mandir, Manokamna Mandir are also in sambhal.

(5) Samugarh

• It was renamed as Fatehabad, Agra district.
• Battle of Samugarh (May 29, 1658), was a decisive battle in the struggle for the throne during the Mughal war of succession (1658-1659) between the sons of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan after the emperor's serious illness in September 1657. The battle of Samugarh was fought between his sons Dara Shikoh (the eldest son and heir apparent) and his two younger brothers Aurangzeb and Murad Baksh (third and fourth sons of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan) resulting in defeat of Dara Shikoh.

(6) Sanauli  

• Sanauli is an archeological site located in Baghpat district, Uttar Pradesh where 125 graves belonging to Indus Valley Civilisation were found. These graves are dated c. 2200–1800 BC. 
• Graves are all oriented in a north-south direction and most are identified as primary burials. Some of the burials are identified also as secondary and multiple burials and animal bones are also discovered next to human bones. The age group of buried starts from 1–2 years and includes all age groups and both male and female. Burial goods generally consisted of odd number of vases (3, 5, 7 etc.) placed near the head, with dish-on-stand usually placed below hip area as well as antenna swords, sheath of copper, terracotta figurines, gold and copper bangles, beads of semi-precious stones (two necklace of long barrel shape) etc.
• Remains of a burnt brick wall with a finished inner surface ran along the eastern side of the burial. A dish-on-stands and a violin shaped flat copper container having nearly 35 arrow head shaped copper pieces placed in a row.
• A burial ground of this numbers should have been associated with a large habitation site, but so far such an habitation nearby has not been located.
• Dish-on-stand was usually placed below the hip area, but in some cases was placed near the head or feet. It was clearly an important part of burial goods. Its mushroom-shaped form has not found at any other archeological sites. It was used as holding stand and in one case, held the head of a goat.
• The Archeological Survey of India has categorised this site as a prominent cemetery site of the late Harappan period. There is evidence suggesting animal sacrifice in some middle and upper level burials.

(8) Sanganakallu

• It belongs to Neolithic period (3000 BC – beginning of Christian era), complex of hills (peacock hills) is 8 km from Bellary. 
• It is One of the earliest village settlements in South India(largest village complex)
• The first settlers were established here and traded stone tools among the Neolithic people.Different types of burial structures have been found.
• At Sanganakallu the people who settled were the earliest agriculturists, they cultivated small millets and pulses, they kept sheep, cattle, they had separate areas for dumping dung (ash mounds), has the earliest houses of mud and stone.
• The Neolithic rock art can be seen on boulders, hand percussion marks of rituals and social ceremonies (ringing rocks).
• Manufacture stone tools on a large scale shows the rich Neolithic culture and skills.

(9) Sanchi

• Sanchi Stupa is located at Sanchi Town in Raisen District of the state of Madhya Pradesh, India, it is located 46 km north east of Bhopal.The initial function of a stupa was the veneration and safe-guarding of the relics of the Buddha. The earliest surviving example of a stupa is in Sanchi
  

Maurya Period:

• The 'Great Stupa' at Sanchi was originally commissioned by the emperor Ashoka the Great in the 3rd century BCE. Its nucleus was a hemispherical brick structure built over the relics of the Buddha. It was crowned by the chatra, a parasol-like structure symbolising high rank. A pillar of finely polished sandstone was also erected. The old stupa was later covered when it was expanded.The pillar has an Ashokan inscription and an inscription in the ornamental Sankha Lipi from the Gupta period.

Sunga period:

• Sunga emperor Pushyamitra Sunga who overtook the Mauryan Empire may have destroyed the original stupa, and his son Agnimitra rebuilt it.
• During the later rule of the Sunga, the stupa was expanded with stone slabs to almost twice its original size. The dome was flattened near the top and crowned by three superimposed parasols within a square railing. With its many tiers it was a symbol of the dharma, the Wheel of the Law. The dome was set on a high circular drum meant for circumambulation, which could be accessed via a double staircase. A second stone pathway at ground level was enclosed by a stone balustrade with four monumental gateways (toranas). The buildings which seem to have been commissioned during the rule of the Sungas are the Second and Third stupas (but not the highly decorated gateways, which are from the following Satavahana period, as known from inscriptions), and stone casing of the Great Stupa.

Satavahana period:

• The gateways and the balustrade were built and colored, then commissioned by the Satavahana. An inscription records the gift of one of the top architraves( lintel orbeam that rests on the capitals of the columns) of the Southern Gateway by the artisans of the Satavahana king Satakarni named Ananda.
• The letters of Sanchi inscription of Satakarni resemble the script of Hathigumpha inscription. Kharavela in his inscription mentions one Satakarni, who is identified as Satakarni II, who is also identical to the one who inscribed in Sanchi. If this is true, then the dating of Sanchi gateway and balustrade belong to the much earlier period of 180-160 BC.
• Although made of stone, they were carved and constructed in the manner of wood and the gateways were covered with narrative sculptures. They showed scenes from the life of the Buddha integrated with everyday events. 
• At Sanchi and most other stupas the local population donated money for the embellishment of the stupa to attain spiritual merit. There was no direct royal patronage. Devotees, both men and women, who donated money towards a sculpture would often choose their favourite scene from the life of the Buddha and then have their names inscribed on it. On these stone carvings the Buddha was never depicted as a human figure. Instead the artists chose to represent him by certain attributes, such as the horse on which he left his father’s home, his footprints, or a canopy under the bodhi tree at the point of his enlightenment. The human body was thought to be too confining for the Buddha.
• Some of the friezes of Sanchi also show devotees in Greek attire (Greek clothing, attitudes, and musical instruments) celebrating the stupa.

Later periods:

• Further stupas and other religious Buddhist structures were added over the following centuries until the 12th century AD. Temple 17 is probably one of the earliest Buddhist temples as it dates to the early Gupta period. It consists of a flat roofed square sanctum with a portico and four pillars. The interior and three sides of the exterior are plain and undecorated but the front and the pillars are elegantly carved, giving the temple an almost ‘classical’ appearance.
• Temple 45 was the last Buddhist temple built during the mid - late 9th century.Also at this time the monuments were enclosed within a wall. 



Temple 45

• With the decline of Buddhism in India, the monuments of Sanchi went out of use and fell into a state of disrepair.

Inscriptions:

• Sanchi, especially Stupa 1, has a large number of Brahmi inscriptions. Although most of them are small and mention donations, they are of great historical significance. Most of them ended with the same two Brahmi characters: "danam" (donation), which permitted the decipherment of the Brahmi script,
• An analysis of the donation records shows that while a large fraction of the donors were local (with no town specified), a number of them were from Ujjain, Vidisha, Kurara, Nadinagar, Mahisati, Kurghara, Bhogavadhan and Kamdagigam.
• The inscriptions include those from Maurya, Shunga/Satavahana (175 BC-15 AD), Kushana (100-150 AD), Gupta (600-800 AD) etc.

(10) Sandabur (Old name of Goa) 

• It is a small island near Goa famous for natural beauty and temples. Ibn Batuta went to this island during reign of Md. Bin Tughlaq.

(11) Sanghol 

• Excavations at the site have yielded coins and seals related to Toramana and Mihirakula belonging to central Asia. A Buddhist stupa ,a rich treasure of carved stone slabs, like pillars,crossbars, figures and figurines, was excavated. Scholars have explained them as Kushan sculptures of the Mathura school of the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. 
• Situated on the top of a mound, Ucha Pind Sanghol is spread over an area of 200 km.

(13) Sankisa  / Sankasya / Sankassa:

• It is situated misway between Atranjikhera and Kannauj in Farukhabad district of UP. It is a centre of Budhhist pilgrimage. An Ashokan pillar bearing his edict and a standing elephant as its capital has been found here.
• Excavation has yielded antiquities like PGW and NBP ware,punch marked coins, cast copper coins etc.

(15) Sarai Nahar Rai

• District of Pratapgarh, UP
• The excavations revealed spectacular evidence of human settlements,and human bodies (in the form of skeletons) buried in the burials. These remains proved to be the earliest remnants of the Homosapien Sapiens in India. Their lithic artefacts include microliths of different types.
• Since stone is not available in the Pratapgarh area and its nearest source is the Vindhyan hills the material to prepare lithic tools would have been procured from that region. It is interesting to note that these people had large and robust skulls and they were relatively tall. Radiocarbon dating gave an age of  bone-sample ranging around 10, 000 years before the present. This discovery has become a turning point in the study of human colonisation of the Ganga Valley.

(16) Sannathi / Sannat

• Four Ashokan edicts were written in the Prakrit language and Brahmi script and one of them was used as foundation of the pedestal for Kali idol.Tablets, sculptures, and other terracotta items were found, and most importantly numerous limestone panels of sculptures of the ruined 'Maha Stupa'.
• Clay pendants of Roman origin, black polished pottery, Shatavahana and pre-Shatavahana coins, ornaments made of copper, ivory and iron, a township with paved pathways, houses, and limestone flooring have been found.
• One of the stones - the only known example of its type - is of Emperor Asoka (r. 274–232 BC) seated on his throne. It is probably the only surviving image of Emperor Asoka.

(19) Sarnath  (See Isipattan)

(20) Sarvanabelgola

• Shravanabelagola is located at 13 km to the south-east of Channarayapatna in Hassan district.
• Shravanabelagola "White Pond of the Shravana" is named with reference to the colossal image of Gommaṭa - the prefix Śravaṇa serves to distinguish it from other Belagolas with the prefixes Hale- and Kodi-, while Beḷagoḷa "white pond" is an allusion to the pond in the middle of the town.
• Shravanabelagola has two hills, Chandragiri and Vindhyagiri. Acharya Bhadrabahu and his pupil Chandragupta Maurya are believed to have meditated there(Salekhana Vrata by Chandragupta Maurya: Giving life while meditating)
• The statue of Gommateshvara Bahubali at Sravaṇa Beḷgoḷa is one of the most important pilgrimage destinations in Jainism, one that reached a peak in architectural and sculptural activity under the patronage of Western Ganga Dynasty of Talakad. Chandragupta is said to have died here in 298 BC after he became a Jain monk and assumed an ascetic life style. 
• The 58-feet tall monolithic statue of Gommateshvara is located on Vindyagiri Hill. It is considered to be the world's largest monolithic stone statue. The base of the statue has an inscriptions in Kannada as well as the oldest evidence of written Marathi, i.e. devnagari script, dating from 981 AD. The inscription praises the king who funded the effort and his minister Chavundaraya. The statue was created around 983 AD by Chavundaraya, a minister of the Ganga King, Rachamalla.This gigantic statue of Bahubali, who is considered a Siddha (one who has attained salvation), is carved out of a single block of granite and stands majestically on top of a hill.

  

  1. Bahubali Statue.2.Old Kannada inscription at the base of the Gomateshwara monolith in Sravaṇa Beḷgoḷa (981 AD Western Ganga Dynasty).3.Chandragiri Hill and Tank(pond in the middle of city, after which it is named, Beḷgoḷa “White Pond”) at Sravaṇa Beḷgoḷa

• The Statue is called as 'Statue of Gommateshvara' by the Kannada people of Karnataka, but the jains refer to the same as "Bahubali".Bahubali was a son of Arihant Adishwar. According to Jainism, he was the second of the hundred sons of the first Tirthankara, Rishabha and king of Podanpur. 
• Every twelve years, thousands of devotees congregate here to perform the Mahamastakabhisheka, a spectacular ceremony in which the statue is covered with milk, curds, ghee, saffron and gold coins.  
• More than 800 inscriptions have been found at Shravanabelagola, dating to various times from 600 to 1830. A large number of these are found in the Chandragiri and the rest can be seen in the Indragiri and the town. These inscriptions include texts in the Kannada, Sanskrit, Marathi,Konkani, Tamil, Marwari and Mahajani languages.Some of these inscriptions mention the rise and growth in power of the Western Ganga Dynasty, the Rashtrakutas, the Hoysala Empire, the Vijayanagar Empire and the Wodeyar dynasty.

(21) Sasan Gir / Gir Van:

• The Gir Forest National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary (also known as Sasan-Gir) is a forest and wildlife sanctuary for fully protected area (thenational park) and (1153 km² for the Sanctuary), the park is located 43 km in the north-east from Somnath, 65 km to the south-east of Junagadh.

(22) Sasaram 

• Sasaram is the birthplace of the Afghan king Sher Shah Suri.Sher Shah Suri's  red sandstone tomb, built in the Indo-Afghan style stands in the middle of an artificial lake at Sasaram. It borrows heavily from the Lodhi style, and was once covered in blue and yellow glazed tiles indicating an Iranian influence. The massive free standing dome also has an aesthetic aspect of the Bhuddhist stupa style of the Mauryan period.
• The fort of Sher Shah Suri at Rohtasgarh is in Sasaram. This fort has a history dating back to 7th century AD. It was built by Raja Harishchandra in the name of his son Rohitashwa and houses the Churasan temple,Ganesh temple, diwan-e khas, diwan-e-aam, and various other structures dating back to different centuries.

(23) Satara

(24) Semthan / Simhathana

(25) Serampur / Serampore / Srirampur

(27) Shabazgarhi

• Shahbaz Garhi is an historic site located in Mardan District in the North West Frontier Province of Pakistan.Rock edicts of Ashoka (272-231 BC) were carved on two rocks on a hill. This edict was inscribed in Kharoshthi script.

(28) Shimla

(29) Shatrunjay / Pundarikgiri / Shetrunjaya / Sidhhanchal / Sidhhakshetra

• Hills located by the city of Palitana, in Bhavnagar district.These hills have similarities to other hills where Jain temples have been built in Bihar, Gwalior, Mount Abuand Girnar.
• The Jain's sacred site of Shatrunjay contains hundreds of Palitana temples.
• 
• The hills were sanctified when Lord Rishabha, the first tirthankara of Jainism, gave his first sermon in the temple on the hill top. Shatrunjaya was also known as Pundarikgiri as Pundarik was said to have attained nirvana on this mountain.

Palitana temples:

• The Palitana temples of Jainism are located on Shatrunjaya by the city of Palitana in Bhavnagar district. The city of the same name, known previously as Padliptapur, has been nicknamed "City of Temples". 
• Along with Shikharji in the state of Jharkhand, the two sites are considered the holiest of all pilgrimage places by the Jain community.
• This site on Shatrunjaya hill hundreds of temples.There are approximately 863 marble-carved temples on the hills.It is said that 23 tirthankaras (a human being who helps in achieving liberation and enlightenment), except Neminatha (a liberated soul which has destroyed all of its karma), sanctified the hill by their visits. 
• The main temple is dedicated to Rishabha, the first tirthankara; it is the holiest shrine for the Svetambara Murtipujaka sect. Digambara Jain have only one temple here.
• The Palitana temples were built over a period of 900 years starting in the 11th century.They were destroyed by Turkish Muslims invaders in 1311 AD.Most of them which are now present date to the 16th century. Some of them are named after the wealthy patrons who paid for the construction. 
• In 1656, Shah Jahan's son Murad Baksh (the then Governor of Gujarat) granted Palitana villages to the prominent Jain merchant Shantidas Jhaveri, a Svetambara Jain, in 1656, and subsequently when all taxes were also exempted that the temple town further prospered. It was brought under the control of the Anandji Kalyanji Trust in 1730 to manage not only Palitana temples but also many other temples of Svetambara Jains, since the Mughal period.



Samovsaran Mandir Palitana

(30) Shivner (See Junar in Part-J)

(31) Siddapura

• SIDDAPUR(Minor Rock Edict) lies one mile to the west of Brahmagiri,and three miles south of the location of the Jatinga-Rameshwarinscription. This group of inscriptions may have marked the southern boundary of the empire,in addition to their importance from other points of view. 
  

(34) Sigiria

(35) Sirhind /Sanghol

Sanghol is a village located in Fatehgarh Sahib District of Punjab, India. It is also known as Uchha Pind Sanghol.
Excavations at the site have yielded coins and seals related to Toramana and Mihirakulabelonging to central Asia. A Buddhist stupa was excavated and a rich treasure of 117 beautiful carved stone slabs,which includes 69 pillars, 35 crossbars, figures and figurines, was excavated as Kushan sculptures of the Mathura school of the 1st and 2nd centuries AD.

It was a military outpost of Prithviraj Chauhan against Muhammad Ghori. In 1192 it became a part of Ghauri Sultanate after the defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan. It was refounded by Emperor Firuz Shah Tughlaq in 1361 AD.
Following figures:(1)Mausoleun of Ahmad Sirhindi(2)Ruin of Aam Khas Bag

• However it reached the zenith of its glory under the Mughal Empire in the seventeenth century. This city was a home of sixteenth-century saint Ahmad Sirhindi, popularly known as Mujadid Alif Sani which means 'Revivor of the Faith in the Second Millennium'. The mausoleum of this saint is still there. Under Akbar it had turned the highest yielding sarkar. 
• Baba Banda Singh Bahadur and his Sikh army in 1710 destroyed the city of Sirhind completely,and Wazir Khan the governor, was killed. The Sikhs occupied Sirhind and made Bhai Baj Singh the governor.
• Adina Beg Khan, along with Sikhs was already in revolt with Ahmad Shah Abdali who had invaded Punjab multiple times. He asked Marathas for help, On 7 March, 1758, Marathas at that time were the paramount power in India, Maratha general, Raghunathrao had encamped at Rajpura where he received Adina Beg Khan’s envoys. A concerted attack on the fort of Sirhind was made by the Marathas on 8 March 1758. After defeating the Afghan-Rohilla forces, the Marathas pursued the Afghans into the Punjab.

(36) Sirohi 

(37) Sirpur 

(38) Siswal 

• Siswal in Hisar district, Haryana, India, is an Indus Valley Civilization archeological site, for which the Sothi-Siswal ceramic period was named.

(39) Sisupalgarh 

(40) Sittannavasal 

(41) Sohgaura

(42) Solapur

(43) Somnath 

(44) Sonargaon /Dhaka (See Dhaka in Part-D)

(45) Sonkh 

(46) Sopara /  Suraparaka 

(47) Sotkakoh / Sotkagendor

(48) Sravasthi

• Shravasti is located near the West Rapti River and is closely associated with the life of Gautama Buddha. Age-old stupas, majestic viharas and several temples near the village of "Sahet-Mahet" establish Buddha's association with Shravasti. 
• Shravasti was the capital of the Kosala Kingdom during 6th century BC to 6th century CE. This prosperous trading center was well known for its religious associations. 
• Sobhanath temple is believed to be the birthplace of the Tirthankara Sambhavanath inJainism, making Shravasti an important center for Jains as well. 
• During excavation in 'Sahet-Mahet' near Shravasti City, many ancient idols and inscriptions were found.

• 

  Statue of Buddha performing the Miracle of Shravasti Gandhara, 100-200 CE

• The Buddha passed the greater part of his monastic life in Shravasti. 

Anathapindika's Stupa in Shravasti

• The chief patrons of the Buddha in Shravasti were Anathapindika, Visakha, Suppavasa and Pasenadi
• The Chinese Pilgrim Xuanzang found the old city in ruins, but recorded the sites of various buildings.

(49) Srikakulam

(50) Srinagar

(51) Srinaverpur (Location near Allahabad)

• Situated upstream of Allahabad. NBPW habitation, important unban centre during Kushan period indicated by coins of Vima Kadphises, burnt bricks houses and a brick built tank.
• Eighty silver coins of Gahadawala king Govind Chandra of medieval time has  been found.

(52) Sringeri 

(53) Sripur 

(54) Srirangapatnam / Srirangapatna / Seringapatam

• The entire town is enclosed by the river Kaveri to form a river island, 
• The town takes its name from the celebrated Ranganathaswamy temple, making Srirangapattana one of the most important Vaishnavite centers of pilgrimage in south India. The temple was built by the Ganga dynasty rulers of the area in the 9th century; the structure was strengthened and improved upon architecturally some three centuries later. Thus, the temple is a medley of the Hoysala and Vijayanagar styles of temple architecture.
• The presence of the Kaveri River is in itself considered auspicious and sanctifying.
• During the Vijayanagar empire, it became the seat of a major viceroyalty, from where several nearby vassal states of the empire, such as Mysore and Talakad, were overseen. When, perceiving the decline of the Vijayanagar empire, the rulers of Mysore ventured to assert independence, Srirangapattana was their first target. Raja Wodeyar vanquished Rangaraya, the then viceroy of Srirangapattana, in 1610 ;Control of the fort of Srirangapattana, the fortification nearest to the capital city of Mysore.
• Srirangapattana remained part of the Kingdom of Mysore from 1610 to after India's independence in 1947.



A flintlock blunderbuss, made for Tippu Sultan in Seringapatam in 1793-94. Tippu Sultan used many Western craftsmen, and this gun reflects the most up-to-date technologies of the time.






Srirangapattana became the de facto capital of Mysore under Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan.When Tipu finally dispensed with the charade of deference to the legitimate Wodeyar Maharaja who was actually his captive.

Srirangapattana was the scene of the last and decisive battle fought between Tipu Sultan and the East India Company. This battle was the last engagement of the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War,the Battle of Seringapatam, 1799.Tipu Sultan was killed within the fort of Seringapatam.

(55) Srughna 

(56) Sukkur

• Sukkur and Bakhar, is the third largest city of Sindh province, situated on the west bank of Indus River in Pakistan.Sukkur has been an important strategic centre and trading route from time immemorial. Alor (or Aror, Sukkur) held the status of capital under the reign of Musikanos, when Alexander invaded the region in 326 BCE.
• The Rai Dynasty built a huge temple of Shiva. In 711 CE, the Arabs conquered Sindh, led by 17-year-old Muhammad bin Qasim, and Sukkur (including all of Sindh and lower Punjab) became part of the Umayyad Caliphate.
• Later Mughals and many semi-autonomous tribes ruled over Sukkur. The city was ceded to Mirs of Khairpur between 1809 and 1824.

(57) Sultanganj

(59) Surat 

(60) Surkotda

• Surkotada is an archeological site located in India and it is a site belonging to Indus Valley Civilisation(IVC)(Period 2100 BC – 1700 BC).It is a smaller fortified IVC site.The site at Surkotada is located 160 km north-east of Bhuj, in the district of Kutch. 
• Surkotada site contains horse remains dated 2000BC.
• The dates from Surkotada are later than most Harappan sites but conform well with the occupational dates from Lothal and Kalibangan. The site of Surkotada was occupied for a period of 400 years with no breaks or desertions. 
• They built a citadel with mud-brick and mud-lump fortification with a rubble veneer of five to eight courses over a raised platform. 
• The bricks used were in the ratio 1:2:4 which conforms with mature Harappan standards.
• The residential area was also built with a fortification wall. The citadel had two entrances one on the southern side and one on the eastern side for accessing the residential area. 
• In the residential area a drain, a bathroom with a small platform and a soakage jar in every house prove the well known sanitary arrangement and drainage system of the Harappans.
• A new group of people came to Surkotada.The new people followed their predecessors in the layout of the settlement and made a citadel and a residential complex on the same lines made of rubble and dressed stones. 
• The location of Surkotada was strategic to control the eastward migration of the Harappans from Sind.
• The citadel consists of large houses some of which have up to nine rooms each.
• The residential area consists of houses which are the smaller than the citadel houses.The southern fortification wall of the residential area also has an entrance which has received a different treatment by its builders. It differs from other Harappan gates in the sense that it is a straight entrance and not a staggered or bent one.
• Mature Harappan principles were being followed in Surkotada long after the civilization itself had started declining.
• Presence of Mongooses were found in Surkotada as well as in Mohenjadaro, Harappa, Rangpur, indicating that these animals were kept as a protection against snakes. Elephant bones and wolf bones were also found at Surkotada.

(61) Sutkagen-Dor

• Sutkagan Dor is the westernmost known archaeological site of Indus Valley Civilization. It is located about 480 km west of Karachi on Makran coast near the Iran border in Baluchistan in Pakistan.
• Over here a structure was found which was made from stone and mud bricks and was made without straw. Along with the usual "citadel" and "lower town",a massive fortification wall of semi-dressed stones exists.
• Though inland at present, this site may have been near navigable water in ancient times and on a trade route with other centres such as Lothal and Dholavira. This site must have been an important trading post, connecting seaborn trade from Pursian Gulf/Arabian Sea to hinterland.
• Stone vessels, copper arrow heads, stone arrow heads, shell beads, pottery, dish-on-stand etc. were found.

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Pilgrimage to Buddha's Holy Sites:-

The Four Main Sites:
Bodh Gaya
Kushinagar
Lumbini
Sarnath
Four Additional Sites:
Rajgir
Sankassa
Sravasti
Vaishali
Other Sites:
Devadaha
Gaya
Kapilavastu
Kesaria
Kosambi
Nalanda
Pava
Pataliputra
Varanasi
Later Sites:
Ajanta Caves
Barabar Caves
Bharhut
Ellora Caves
Lalitgiri
Mathura
Pandavleni Caves
Piprahwa
Ratnagiri
Sanchi
Udayagiri
Vikramaśīla