INDIAN HISTORY THROUGH MAP- PART-P

(1) Paithan / Pratishthana / Parthisthana / Partisthana

• Pratishthanapura,located 56 km south of present-day Aurangabad, was the capital of the Satavahana empire that ruled from 2nd century BC to 2nd century AD. It is one of the few inland towns mentioned in the famous 1st century AD Greek book, Periplus Maris Erytharaei.
• Later, under the name Pishtapuram, it was taken by the Chalukya ruler Pulakesi IIFrom ancient times Paithan was important emporium of trade and commerce with links connecting it to marts in India and in Europe. It developed its own religion and educational institutions and in the field of art, drew the attention of the Muslim invaders
• Mungi village in Paithan was the birthplace of Nimbarka the founder of the Nimbarka Sampradaya tradition of Vaishnavism.
• Paithan was also the home of the great Maharashtrian saint Eknath. People flock every year during the time of 'Paithan Yatra' also known as Nath Shashti. 
• The town is mostly famous today for its sarees — the Paithani beautiful silk saris.

(2) Padri Gohlni / Padri / Kerala-no-dhoro 

• This site belongs to Indus Valley Civilisation located in southern coast of Saurashtra.
• Structures belonging to Early Harappan and Mature Harappan period were found.
• Findings: Copper fish hooks of exceptionally big size indicating large fish were caught.Storage jars which were used for transporting salt. A jar found at this place is decorated with buffalo horn motif and with a large figure in a ragged skirt and wearing a pair of buffalo horns.In early Harappan levels of this site, symbols similar to Harappan writing were found.
• Structures: Rectangular houses, houses with rooms and workshops were constructed in Early Harappan Period. Houses constructed during Mature Harappan period were of mud bricks with floors being plastered with lime and dung; and these houses had storage spaces and hearths for cooking.

(3) Paisra

• In Munger district, Bihar
• Stone age settlements

(4) Pallavaram (Just near Chennai)

• Kanchipuram district
• First a stone implement from the Paleolithic Age inside a ballast pit was found. Since then, a number of stone age artifacts have been uncovered.

(5) Pallavoy

• In Karnataka
• Bone axe made from cattle scapulae finished by grinding at the worked edge. Ash mound has also been found.
• Neolithic settlement has been found in South India which is contemporary with the Early Indus valley Civilization like In Karnataka such as pikkalilal, Utnur, Kupgal, Kodekal, pallavoy. Ash mounds have been found and they have given the evidence that cattle were herded there. This indicates that this was a “Dravidian Civilization”.

(6) Pampur / Pampore

• In Kashmir valley
• Neolithic Site

(7) Palitana (See Shatrunjay in Part S)

(8) Panchwati (Location near Nasik Part N)

• Panchavati has significant religious significance for Hindus with a temple complex on the bend of the Godavari river, which includes Kalaram Temple.It is a pilgrimage site,with the Kumbh Mela, the largest peaceful gathering in the world – involving over 100 million people in 2013, taking place here once every twelve years in rotation with Haridwar, Allahabad, and Ujjain.
• In the epic Ramayana, Panchavati was the place in the forest of Dandakaranya (Danda Kingdom), where Rama built his home along with his wife Sita and brother Lakshman during their period of exile in the wilderness.The entire Aranya Kanda (book of the forest) of Ramayana is set in Panchavati.

(9) Pandharpur / Pandhari

• Pandharpur is a pilgrimage city on the banks of Bhima river in Solapur district. Vithoba, Viththal,Pandurang, and Pandharināth are the popular alternate names of the deity,  who is regarded in Hinduism as a form of Lord Krishna. Krishna is considered as an incarnation of Lord Vishnu. Rakhumai/Rukmini is Viththal's consort in the temple.
• The worship of Vitthal in the Pandharpur temple is based mainly on the contents of the Puranas, and the contributions of the Vaishnav saints of Maharashtra and Karnataka during the 13th through the 17th centuries. Some of these saints are Gnyaneshwar, Namdev, Gora Kumbhar, Chokhamela, Eknath, Tukaram, Purandara Dasa, Vijaya Dasa, Gopala Dasa, and Jagannatha Dasa.

(10) Pandua

• Pandua or Firuzabad is a ruined city in the Malda district.
• The city was probably founded by Sams-ud-Din Firuz Shah.[1] In 1339, Ala-ud-Din Ali Shah transferred his capital from the nearby (and now ruined) town of Lakhnauti or Gaur (32 km from Pandua) to Pandua.Later, Haji Shamsuddin Iliyas Shah, the first independent Sultan of Bengal, made the city the capital of his Bengal Sultanate. However, Pandua's glory was short-lived. In 1453, the capital was transferred back to Gaur by Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah.
• The monuments of Pandua were built in the Bengal provincial style of the Indo-Islamic architecture. 



Adina Mosque

• Jami Mosque or the Adina Mosque, which was the finest example of Pathan architecture.This great mosque (similar in plan to the great mosque at Damascus) was built by Sikandar Shah in 1369. 
• Other important monuments of this city are the Eklakhi mausoleum (the mausoleum of Jala-ud-Din Muhammad Shah) and the Qutb Shahi Mosque (built in the memory of Sufi saint Nur Qutb-ul-Alam). The Eklakhi mausoleum is a single-domed square type of structure, whose fabric is of brick, occasionally interspersed with hornblendeslabs collected from older Hindu monuments.

(11) Pandu rajar dhibi 

• Pandu Rajar Dhibi is an archaeological site in Bardhaman district.It is located near the southern bank of Ajay River near Rajpotdanga and Panduk villages.
• While Pandu Rajar Dhibi was the first Chalcolithic site in W.B. to be discovered, a number of other sites have been discovered in an area spread over the districts of Birbhum, Bardhaman, Bankura andMidnapore, and interspersed by rivers Brahmani, Mayurakshi, Kopai, Ajay, Kunur, Damodar, Dwarakesvar, Shilabati, and Rupnarayan.
• There were two main periods – the Chalcolithic period around 1600 BC – 750 BC, and the Iron Age.
• The excavations at Pandu Raiar Dhibi reveal the non-Aryan origin of the non-Brahmin Bengalis. The Copper Age civilisation in eastern India had links with similar civilisation of central India and Rajasthan. Agriculture and trade were the mainstays of their economy. It has been suggested that Pandu Rajar Dhibi represents the ruins of a trading township. The people carried out trade not only with interior parts of India but also distant lands such as Crete and the Mediterranean lands. 

(12) Panipat

• Panipat is an ancient and historic city in Panipat district, Haryana. It is 90 km north from Delhi.
• The First Battle of Panipat was fought on 21 April 1526 between Ibrahim Lodhi, the Afghan Sultan of Delhi, and the Turco-Mongol Babur, who later established Mughal rule in Northern Indian subcontinent. 
• The Second Battle of Panipat was fought on 5 November 1556 between the forces of Akbar and Samrat Hem Chandra Vikramaditya, also known as Hemu, a King of North India.
• The Third Battle of Panipat was fought in 1761 between the Maratha Empire and the Afghan invaders , Ahmad Shah Abdali,.

(13) Panjim (See Goa in Part G)

(14) Pataliputra / Patna / Pataligram / Palibothra / Kusumpur /       Pushpapura / Azimabad

• Recorded history of the city begins in the year 490 BCE when Ajatashatru, the king of Magadh, wanted to shift his capital from the hilly Rajgriha to a more strategically located place to combat the Lichivis of Vaishali. He chose a site on the bank of the Ganges and fortified the area which developed into Patna. Firstly Ajatasatru built a small fort (Paṭaligrama).Gautam Buddha passed through this place in the last year of his life,
• Excavations around Patna revealed clear evidence of large fortification walls, including reinforcing wooden trusses.
• Its central location in north central India led rulers of successive dynasties to base their administrative capital here, from the Nandas, Mauryans, Sungas and the Guptas down to the Palas. Situated at the confluence of the Ganges, Gandhaka and Sonrivers, Pataliputra formed a "water fort, or jaldurga".Its position helped it dominate the riverine trade of the Indo-Gangetic plains during Magadha's early imperial period. It was a great centre of trade and commerce and attracted merchants and intellectuals, such as the famed Chanakya, from all over India.
• Second Buddhist council in the reign of Ashoka and first Jain council was held here. Jain and Brahmanical sources identify Udayabhadra, son of Ajatasatru, as the king who first established Pataliputra as the capital of Magadha. Pataliputra reached the pinnacle of prosperity when it was the capital of the great Mauryan Emperors,Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka . The city prospered under the Mauryas and a Greek ambassador, Megasthenes, resided there and left a detailed account of its splendour, referring to it as "Palibothra". The city also became a flourishing Buddhist centre boasting a number of important monasteries. It remained the capital of the Gupta dynasty (3rd–6th centuries) and the Pala Dynasty (8th-12th centuries). The city was largely in ruins when visited by Xuanzang, and suffered further damage at the hands of Muslim raiders in the 12th century.
• Afterwards, Sher Shah Suri made Pataliputra his capital and changed the name to modern Patna.

(15) Patne

• Nevasa culture which florished in maharashtra during stone age.
• Patne is in Kolhapur district. large amount of ostrich egg shells found here gives edivence that Ostriches lived in India during Palaeolithic period.

(16) Pattadakal (See location of Badami)

(17) Pavapuri / Pawapuri / Pava

• Pawapuri is a holy site for Jains located in the Nalanda district in Bihar. It is located about thirty-eight kilometers from Rajgir
• During ancient times about 2600 year ago, Pawapuri was one of twin capital of Mall Mahajanpad which later became the part of Magadha Kingdom and was called "Madyama Pawa" or "Apawapuri", Ajatshatru, who was one of the greatest disciples of Lord Mahavira was the King of Magadh during the lifetime of Mahavir. During the reign of Ajatshatru, Hastipal was the King of Pawapuri. When Lord Mahavira came to Pawapuri.
• Around 5th Century BCE, Mahavira, the last of the twentyfour Tirthankara achieved Moksha or Nirvana. He was cremated at Pawapuri, also known as Apapuri (the sinless town). Now, an exquisite marble temple in the middle of a lotus pond, the Jalmandir, stands magnificently on a rectangular island. Another Jain temple, called Samosharan is located here, where the Lord Mahavira delivered his last teaching.

(18) Pangudaria 

• In Sehore district of MP.
• New inscription of Ashoka has been found here which talks about proclaimation during dharmayatra of Ashoka

(19) Penukonda

• This region was controlled at different points in history by the Hoysalas, Chalukyas,Vijayanagar, Nawabs, Maratha chieftain Murari Rao, Tipu Sultan, Nizam and British rule after it was ceded to the British by the Nizam of Hyderabad. 
• It was a melting pot of different religions but the town and fort were established by early Hoysala kings, who were practitioners of Jainism.
• Because of its ancient Jain history and presence of many temples it is one of the most revered places for Jains. The famous Pache Parsvanath Swamy Temple, with idol of Parsvanath containing a single green coloured stone is located here. 
• The famous Babaiah Dargah. Hazrath Baba Fakruddin was a great Sufi Saint of 12th century. He is called Babaiah by the local people and due to the love and respect he garnered.

(20) Peshawar / Purushapura

• Peshawar is the capital of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and is situated in a large valley near the eastern end of the Khyber Pass, close to the Pak-Afghan border. Known as "City on the Frontier", Peshawar's strategic location on the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia has made it one of the most culturally vibrant and lively cities in the greater region
• The area that Peshawar occupies was then seized by the Greco-Bactrian king, Eucratides (170 – 159 BC), and was controlled by a series of Greco-Bactrian, and later, Indo-Greek kings.  Later, the city was ruled by several Parthian andIndo-Parthian kings,the most famous of whom, Gondophares (Gandapurin Pashto), ruled the city and its environs, starting in circa 46 AD. They were displaced by Kushan, Kujula Kadphises, around the middle of the 1st century AD. Kushan king, Kanishka, who ruled from 127 AD, moved the capital from Pushkalavati (now called Charsadda, in Peshawar valley), to Purushapura (Peshawar) in the 2nd century AD. Buddhist missionaries arrived at Zoroastrian, Hindu and animist Peshawar, seeking counsel with the Zoroastrian Kushan rulers. Their teachings were embraced by the Zoroastrian Kushans, who converted to Buddhism. 
• Peshawar became a great centre of Buddhist learning. Kanishka, who became an ardent follower of Buddhism, built a giant stupa, to house the Buddhist relics, that was located just outside the Ganj Gate of the old city of Peshawar. The earliest account of the famous building was documented by Faxian, the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim, who visited the structure in 400 AD . Faxian continued: "Of all the stûpas and temples seen by the travellers, none can compare with this for beauty of form and strength."It was still in existence at the time of Xuanzang's visit in 634 AD. Following figures : (1)The inscribed Kanishka Casket found at the site of the Kanishka Stupa and containing relics of the Buddha,(2)Budhha relics found in Kanishka Stupa in Peshawar
• 
• The Pashtuns began a conversion to Islam, following the early annexation by the Arab Empire from Khurasan (in what is today Afghanistan and northeastern Iran).In 1001, the Turkic ruler of the Ghaznavid Empire, Mahmud of Ghazni, further expanded from Afghanistan into the Indian sub-continent.

(21) Piklihal

• Piklihal is a village near Mudgal in Raichur district. 
• Piklihal is a neolithic period site

(22) Piprahwa

• Piprahwa is a village near Birdpur in Siddharthnagar district of Uttar Pradesh.
• Some scholars have suggested that modern-day Piprahwa was the site of the ancient city of Kapilavastu, the capital of the Shakya kingdom, where Siddhartha Gautama spent the first 29 years of his life. Others suggest that the original site of Kapilavastu is located 16 kilometres to the northwest, at Tilaurakot, in what is currently Kapilvastu District in Nepal.
• A buried stupa was discovered, a large stone coffer which contained five small vases containing ashes and jewels. On one of the vases was an inscription which was translated at the time to mean "This relic-shrine of divine Buddha (is the donation) of the Sakya-Sukiti brothers, associated with their sisters, sons, and wives", implying that the vase was a reliquary containing the ashes of Gautama Buddha.

(23) Pitalkhora (See Nasik in Part N)

(24) Pondicherry

• A marketplace named Poduke or Poduca is recorded as a Roman trading destination from the mid 1st century. The area was part of the Pallava Kingdom of Kanchipuram in the 4th century. The Cholas of Thanjavur from the 10th to 13th centuries, the Pandya Kingdom in the 13th century. The Vijayanagar Empire took control of almost all the South of India in the 14th century and lasted until 1638, to be supplanted by the Sultan of Bijapur. The French acquired Puducherry in 1674 and held control, with occasional interruption from the British and Dutch, until 1954.

(25) Puhar / Pugar / Poompugar / Kaveripattinam 

• Pugar is a town in the Nagapattinam district. It was once a flourishing ancient port city known as Kaveri poompattinam, which for a while served as the capital of the early Chola kings in Tamilakam. 
• Puhar is located near the end point north bank of the Kaveri river, aside the sea coast. it is mentioned in the Periplus of Ereythrean sea.
• Ancient Pottery dating back to the 4th century BCE have been discovered.
• The general plan of the city of Puhar is described in the book of Silapathikaram. The town had two distinct villages, Maruvurpakkam near the sea and Pattinappakkam to its west. These two village were separated by a stretch of gardens and orchards where daily markets were held under the shades of the trees.
• Maruvurpakkam being close to the shore and hence to the shipyard was naturally preferred by the many overseas travellers, merchants and yavanas (foreigner).Maruvurpakkam was inhabited by the fisher folk. The town had several warehouses. Weavers,silk merchants, vendors, fish and meat sellers, potters, grain merchants, jewellers anddiamond makers lived in Maruvurppakkam.
• Pattinappakkam: The King and nobles, rich traders, physicians, astrologers, members of the king’s army, court dancers occupied Pattinappakkam.
• A Purananuru poem says that big ships entered the port of Puhar. 
• Pattinappaalai, a poem that describes the ancient Puhar very vividly, was written by the poet Kadiyalur Uruthirangannanaar is part of the Ten Idylls anthology and was sung in praise of Karikala Chola, a second century Chola king. Pattinappaalai also gives an idealised description of the merchants plying their trade in Puhar like there honesty, integrity and god worship by merchant by fire offerings.
• The ancient city of Puhar was destroyed by the sea around 300 BC. This could have been the effects of sediment erosion and periodic tsunamis. Such a tsunami is mentioned in the Tamil poem Manimekhalai by the poet Seethalai Saathanar .
• Ancient ruins of a 4th-5th century Buddhist monastery, a Buddha statue, and a Buddhapada (footprint of the Buddha) were found in another section of the ancient city, now at Pallavanesvaram.

(26) Pune

• Copper plates dated 858 AD and 868 AD show that by the 8th century an agricultural settlement known as Punnaka existed where Pune is today. The plates indicate that this region was ruled by the Rashtrakuta dynasty. The Pataleshwar rock-cut temple complex was built during this era.
• Pune was part of Yadavas of Devagiri from the 9th century to 1327. In 1595, Maloji Raje Bhosale was appointed thejagirdar of Pune by the Mughal Empire.Pune was ruled by the Ahmadnagar Sultanate until it was annexed by the Mughals in the 17th century.
• Chhatrapati Shahu, grandson of Shivaji, realized the importance of Pune and asked most of the Maratha army to be stationed in Pune because of its central location. Various regions such as Konkan, Khandesh, Marathwada, South Maharashtra, North Karnataka can be reached from Pune quickly. He also asked his army to report to the Peshwa at Pune location for fast expedition, finances rather than relying on Satara, the seat of the Chhatrapati. In 1720, Baji Rao I was appointed Peshwa of the Maratha Empire by Chhatrapati Shahu of Satara.He selected Pune as his base and started construction of Shaniwar Wada ,ushering in the era of Peshwa control of the city. The patronage of the Maratha Peshwas resulted in the construction of many temples and bridges in the city,

(27) Purandar / Purandhar

• Purandar Fort is related to the rising of Shivaji against the Adil Shahi Bijapur Sultanate and the Mughals. Purandhar fort is 50 km southeast of Pune. 
• It actually consists of two forts - Purandar and Vajragad (or Rudramal). The latter is the smaller of the two.
• The earliest known mention of Purandar is in the Yadava era (11th century).After the defeat of the Yadavas by Persian invaders, the territory fell in to the hands of these invaders who further fortified Purandar in 1350. During the early rule of the Bijapur and Ahmednagar kings, Purandar was among the forts directly under Government, and never entrusted to Jagirdars.In 1596, when Bahudar Shah of Ahmednagar sultanate granted Maloji Bhosale(grandfather of Shivaji) Pune and Supa, the fort of Purandar was included as well. 
• The Treaty of Purandar was signed on June 11, 1665, between the Rajput ruler Jai Singh I, who was commander of Aurangzeb, and Shivaji. Shivaji was forced to sign the agreement after Jai Singh besieged Purandar fort.This truce did not last long as Shivaji revolted againstAurangzeb and recaptured Purandar only five years later in 1670. Thereafter, Shivaji spent prolonged periods of time here.
• Under the Peshwas, Purandar was a stronghold to which they retreated whenever Pune, their capital, was under attack.

(28) Porkalam / Porkulam

• Porkulam is a village in Thrissur district in Kerala.Here human remains, decorated pearls, iron tools and earthen pots (very similar to those found at Thakshasila) were found which dates back more than 2400 years.
• The earliest vestiges of constructions in Kerala belong to this period dated between 3000 B.C. to 300 B.C. They can be grouped into two types – tomb cells and megaliths. The rock cut tomb cells are generally located in the laterite zones of central Kerala, for example at Porkalam.

(29) Pragyotishpur / Pragyotishpur (See Kamrupa in Part K)

(30) Pulicat / Pazhaverkadu

• Pulicat  is a historic seashore town in Thiruvallur District, of Tamil Nadu.The Portuguese established a trading post in Pulicat in 1502 with the help of the Vijayanagar rulers. They built a fort there and held this fort until 1609 when they were defeated by the Dutch. 
• Between 1621 and 1665, slave ships were deployed by the Dutch to export Indians captured on the Coromandel coast and transported from Pulicat to be sold as slaves to Dutch plantations in Batavia.
• Pulicat was till 1690 the capital of Dutch Coromandel. It repeatedly changed possession, until finally occupied by the British in 1825. It became part of the Madras Presidency

(31) Puri 

• 60 kilometres south of the Bhubaneswar. It is also known as Jagannath Puri after the 11th-century Jagannath Temple located in the city. It is one of the original Char Dham pilgrimage sites for Hindus, of which the other legs are Dwaraka, Badrinath and Rameswaram. 
• Puri is the site of the Govardhana matha, one of the four cardinal institutions established by Adi Shankaracharya, the others being those at Sringeri, Dwaraka and Jyotirmath.
• According to copper plates from the Ganga dynasty,the construction of the current Jagannath temple was initiated by the ruler of Kalinga, Anantavarman Chodaganga Dev. The Jagamohan and the Vimana portions of the temple were built during his reign (1078 - 1148 CE). However, it was only in the year 1174 CE that the Oriya ruler Ananga Bhima Deva rebuilt the temple to give a shape in which it stands today.
• The temple has four distinct sectional structures, namely -
(1)Deula, Vimana or Garba griha (Sanctum sanctorum) where the triad deities are lodged on the ratnavedi (Throne of Pearls). In Rekha Deula style;
(2)Mukhashala (Frontal porch);
(3)Nata mandir/Natamandapa, which is also known as the Jagamohan (Audience Hall/Dancing Hall)
(4)Bhoga Mandapa (Offerings Hall)                                      

• The main temple is a curvilinear temple and crowning the top is the 'srichakra' (a eight spoked wheel) of Vishnu. Also known as the "Nilachakra".

• Among the existing temples in Orissa, the temple of Shri Jagannath is the highest.

(32) Pushkar

• Pushkar is a town in the Ajmer district one of the five sacred dhams (pilgrimage site) for Hindus. It lies on the shore of Pushkar Lake. Pushkar has many temples. The most famous among all is the Brahma Temple built during the 14th century CE. Very few temples to Lord Brahma exist anywhere in the world.
• Pushkar is also famous for its annual fair (Pushkar Camel Fair

(33) Pushkalavati 

• Pushkalavati (in Charsadda district, Pakistan in Peshawar valley in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) was the capital of ancient kingdom Gandhara from the 6th century BC, when it became an Achaemenid local capital of Gandhara satrapy, to 2nd century AD.
• The ruins of Pushkalavati consist of many stupas and sites of two old cities.
• The city of  Pushkalavati was situated at the confluence of Swat and Kabul rivers. Three different branches of Kabul river meet there. That specific place is still called Prang and considered sacred. A grand graveyard is situated to the north of Prang where the local people bring their dead for burial. This graveyard is considered to be among the largest graveyards in the world.