INDIAN HISTORY THROUGH MAP- PART-N

(1) Nagarjunakonda

• Nagarjunakonda (Nagarjuna Hill) is Buddhist town, now an island located near Nagarjuna Sagar in Guntur district.It is named after Nagarjuna, a southern Indian master of Mahayana Buddhism who lived in the 2nd century AD. The site was once the location of many Buddhist universities and monasteries, attracting students from as far as China, Gandhara, Bengal and Sri Lanka.
• The settlement of Nagarjunakonda was the capital of the Ikshvaku dynasty (225 AD - 325 AD), the successors of the Satavahanas in the eastern Deccan.
• During the early centuries AD, the site housed more than 30 Buddhist viharas. The inscriptions show state-sponsorship of construction of temples and monasteries, through the funding of the queen of Ikshvaku. Camtisiri is recorded as having funded the building of the main stupa. The support also spread beyond the noble classes, many non-royal names being inscribed in the relics. At its peak, there were more than thirty monasteries and it was the largest Buddhist centre in South India.
• The region declined after the death of Rudrapurusa, the last Ikshvaku king.
• The great stupa at Nagarjunakonda belongs to the class of uncased stupas, its brickwork being plastered over and the stupa decorated by a large garland-ornament.The original stupa was renovated by the Ikshvaku princess Chamtisiri in the 3rd century AD.
  

(2) Nachna / Nachna-Kathur

• It is in Panna district, MP.Nachna holds a very important place in early Indian architecture. This village has some exemplary buildings of Gupta period. India sees first structural temple in Gupta period only. The first temples were very primitive in nature, containing only a cella, sometimes with a flat roof. Later on an entrance porch on pillars was added into the design. Guptas ruled Indian from 4th to 6th century, however the structural architecture started by them continued for longer time.
• Parvati Temple (5th century)
• Chaturmukha-Mahadeva Temple(9thcentury):This monuments dates from Pratihara period. The walls are plain except for central niche where pierced windows are placed. Carved panels, doorways and window work dating from Gupta era.
• Kumara Matha and Rupni ka Mandir (15th century)– The two later structures are notable for the Gupta doorways and columns incorporated into their brick work.
  

(3) Nagaur

• The foundation of city dates back to 4th century BC. Nagas originally ruled over this place and about 7th century onwards the Chauhans became the overlords of Nagaur. The city was at the center of Muslim invasion from Central Asia. The fort is of historical importance. The Rajput rulers dominated Nagaur for a longer period. Nagaur ruler were repeatedly forced to pay tribute to the Sesodias of Chittor while their lands were slowly annexed by the Rathors of Jodhpur.

(4) Nagda (Location near Udaipur in Part U)

• Iron is found at BRW levels in site like Nagada on the banks of Chambal and Eran.There is a broad cultural continuity between chalcolithic and iron age.At Nagada, Period1 belongs to Malwa culture.Period2 is BRW though early pottery and microliths continued.Iron objects occured throughout.There was red and cream pottery with geometric design painted on it in black.
• Almost same case was with Eran and Ujjain.
• There are many iron bearing megathilic sites in Madhya Pradesh: Nelakanker,Dhanora,Sonabhir,Karhibhandari,Chirachori,Majagaham,Kabrahata,Sorara,Sankanpalli,TImmelwada,Han-daguda
• At Nagda in Rajasthan are the remains of the SahastraBahu temples of the early 10th century AD, dedicated to Vishnu. It is popularly referred to as Sas Bahu temples (a local corruption of the original Sahastra-Bahu, 
• Another temple that captures attention is Jain temple. Dedicated to the Jain Saint Shanti Nath, the temple is said to have been built during the rule of Rana Kumbha.

SahastraBahut Temples and  Adbudji Jain Temple

(5) Nagercoil

• Nagercoil derived its name from a famous old Jain temple called Naga Raja Temple (temple of the serpent king) which still exists in the central part of the town.
• Nagercoil came under the rule of various kingdoms, notably the Chera, Chola and Pandya kingdoms at various points of time; historical records reveal that these kingdoms fought over the control of the fertile area of Nanjilnadu and Kottar (a town mentioned in old Tamil writings and maps of ancient India). Archaeological records also show Jain influences in ancient times.
• The City was a part of the erstwhile Travancore state, or later Travancore-Cochin state, until almost a decade after independencein 1947.

(6) Nageswar

• It is harappan shell working site on the Gulf of Kutch.

(7) Nagpur

• In the 18th era, this city was created by leader of Gond tribes named Bhakt Buland( Raja Buland Shah).
• Human existence around present-day Nagpur city can be traced back 3000 years to the 8th century BCE. Mehir burial sites at Drugdhamna indicate that the megalithic culture existed around Nagpur and is still followed.
• The first reference to the name "Nagpur" is found in a 10th-century copper-plate inscription discovered at Devali in the neighbouring Wardha district. The inscription is a record of grant of a village situated in the visaya (district) of Nagpura-Nandivardhana during the time of the Rastrakuta king Krisna III in the Saka year 862 (940 CE).
• In the 4th century, the Vakataka Dynasty ruled over the Nagpur region and surrounding areas and had good relations with the Gupta Empire. 
• After the Vakatakas, the region came under the rule of the Hindu kingdoms of the Badami Chalukyas, the Rashtrakutas, and finally the Yadavas. 
• In 1296, Allauddin Khilji invaded the Yadava Kingdom after capturing Deogiri, after which the Tughlaq Dynasty came to power in 1317. In the 17th century, the Mughal Empire conquered the region. 
• After 1743, a series of Maratha rulers came to power, starting with Raghoji Bhonsale, who conquered the territories of Deogarh, Chanda and Chhattisgarh by 1751.In 1803 Raghoji II Bhonsale joined the Peshwa against the British in the Second Anglo-Maratha War, but the British prevailed.During the rule of Raghoji III(which lasted till 1840), the region was administered by a British resident. In 1853, the British took control of Nagpur after Raghoji III died without leaving an heir.

(8) Nagwada

• Nagwada is an archeological site belonging to Indus Valley Civilisation, located in Surendranagar District, Gujarat

(9) Naikund (Nearly 42 KM north west of Nagpur)

• Ferrous objects excvated from early Iron Age megalithic site.
• The archaeological excavations conducted at Mahurzhari, Naikund and Bhagimori in the Vidharbha region of Maharashtra have yielded iron at the earliest levels. Hundreds of iron objects have been found in these burials. 
• Naikund, a megalithic site, 42 km north west-east of Nagpur has shown a valuable evidence of iron smelting furnace complete with tuyere.

(10) Nalanda

Ruin of Nalanda University

• Nalanda was an acclaimed Mahavihara, a large Buddhist monastery in ancient Magadha. The site was a centre of learning from the fifth century CE to c. 1200 CE. Nalanda flourished under the patronage of the Gupta Empire as well as emperors like Harsha and later, the rulers of the Pala Empire.
• It was ransacked and destroyed by an army of the Muslim Mamluk Dynasty under Bakhtiyar Khilji in c. 1200 CE.
• Nalanda was initially a prosperous village by a major trade route that ran through the nearby city of Rajagriha, which was then the capital of Magadha.
• Taranatha, the 17th-century Tibetan Lama, states that the 3rd-century BCE Mauryan and Buddhist emperor, Ashoka, built a great temple at Nalanda. He also places 3rd-century CE luminaries such as the Mahayana philosopher, Nagarjuna, and his disciple, Aryadeva, at Nalanda with the former also heading the institution.While this could imply that there was a flourishing centre for Buddhism at Nalanda before the 3rd century, no archaeological evidence has been unearthed to support the assertion. When Faxian, an early Chinese Buddhist pilgrim to India, visited Nalo,the 5th century CE, all he found worth mentioning was a stupa.
• The history of the Nalanda Mahavihara "falls into two main divisions—the first, one of growth, development and fruition from the sixth century to the ninth, when it was dominated by the liberal cultural traditions inherited from the Gupta age; the second, one of gradual decline and final dissolution from the ninth century to the thirteenth—a period during which the Tantric developments of Buddhism became most pronounced in eastern India under the Palas.
• Nalanda's datable history begins under the Gupta Empire and a seal identifies a monarch named Shakraditya(Kumargupta1)(415 – 455 CE) as its founder. Both Xuanzang and a Korean pilgrim named Prajnyavarman too attribute the foundation of monastery at the site to him and his coin has been discovered at Nalanda.His successors, Buddhagupta, Tathagatagupta, Baladitya, and Vajra, later extended and expanded the institution by building additional monasteries and temples.
• The Guptas were traditionally a Brahmanical dynasty. Narasimhagupta (Baladitya) however, was brought up under the influence of the Mahayanist philosopher, Vasubandhu. He built a sangharama at Nalanda and also a 300 ft (91 m) high vihara with a Buddha statue within which, according to Xuanzang, resembled the "great Vihara built under the Bodhi tree". The monk also noted that Baladitya's son, Vajra, who built a monastery(Sangharama) too.
• At some point, a "king of central India" built a high wall along with a gate around the now numerous edifices in the complex. Another monarch (possibly of the Maukhari dynasty) named Purnavarman who is described as "the last of the race of Ashoka-raja", built an high copper image of Buddha to cover which he also constructed a pavilion of six stages.
• However, after the decline of the Guptas, the most notable patron of the Mahavihara was Harsha, the 7th-century emperor of Kannauj, who was a converted Buddhist and considered himself a servant of the monks of Nalanda. Harsha built a monastery of brass within the Mahavihara and remitted to it the revenues of 100 villages. He also directed 200 households in these villages to supply the institution's monks with requisite amounts of rice, butter, and milk on a daily basis. Around a thousand monks from Nalanda were present at Harsha's royal congregation at Kannuaj.
• Much of what is known of Nalanda prior to the 8th century is based on the travelogues of the Chinese monks, Xuanzang (Si-Yu-Ki) and Yijing (A Record of the Buddhist Religion As Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago).
• Xuanzang (Hiuen Tsang) travelled around India between the years of 630 and 643 CE, and visited Nalanda first in 637 and then again in 642, spending a total of around two years at the monastery.He received the Indian name of Mokshadeva and studied under the guidance of Shilabhadra, the head of the institution at the time.He believed that in Shilabhadra he had at last found an incomparable teacher to instruct him in Yogachara, a school of thought that had then only partially been transmitted to China, and the reason why Xuanzang had made the arduous overland journey to India in the first place. Besides Buddhist studies, the monk also attended courses in grammar, logic, and Sanskrit, and later, also lectured at the Mahavihara. In the detailed account of his stay at Nalanda, the pilgrim describes the view out of the window of his quarters.Xuanzang was a contemporary and an esteemed guest of Harsha. He returned to China with 657 Buddhist texts (many of them Mahayanist) and 150 relics and translated 74 of the texts himself. In the thirty years following his return, no fewer than eleven travellers from China and Korea are known to have visited famed Nalanda.
• Inspired by the journeys of Faxian and Xuanzang, the pilgrim, Yijing (I-tsing), after studying Sanskrit in Srivijaya, arrived in India in 673 CE. He stayed there for fourteen years, ten of which he spent at the Nalanda Mahavihara. Unlike his predecessor, Xuanzang, who also describes the geography and culture of 7th-century India, Yijing's account primarily concentrates on the practice of Buddhism and detailed descriptions of the customs, rules, and regulations of the monks at the monastery. When he returned to China in 695, he had with him 400 Sanskrit texts which were subsequently translated. In his chronicle, Yijing notes that revenues from 200 villages (as opposed to 100 in Xuanzang's time) had been assigned toward the maintenance of Nalanda.He described there being eight halls with as many as 300 apartments.
• The Palas established themselves in North-eastern India in the 8th century and reigned until the 12th century. Although they were a Buddhist dynasty, Buddhism in their time was a mixture of the Mahayana practised in Nalanda and Vajrayana, a Tantra-influenced version of Mahayanist philosophy. The Palas were prolific builders and their rule oversaw the establishment of four other Mahaviharas modelled on the Nalanda Mahavihara at Jagaddala, Odantapura, Somapura, and Vikramashila respectively. Inscriptions at Nalanda suggest that Gopala's son, Dharmapala, who founded the Mahavihara at Vikramshila, also appears to have been a benefactor of the ancient monastery in some form. It is however, Dharmapala's son, the 9th century emperor and founder of the Mahavihara at Somapura, Devapala, who was Nalanda's most distinguished patron in this age. A number of metallic figures containing references to Devapala have been found in its ruins as well as two notable inscriptions. The first, a copper plate inscription unearthed at Nalanda, details an endowment by the Shailendra King, Balaputradeva of Suvarnadvipa (Sumatra in Indonesia). This Srivijayan king, had built a monastery in Nalanda and had requested Devapala to grant the revenue of five villages for its upkeep, a request which was granted. The other inscription from Devapala's time mentions that he received and patronised a learned Vedic scholar named Viradeva who was later elected the head of Nalanda.
• While Palas continued to patronise Nalanda liberally, the Mahavihara was less singularly outstanding during this period as the other Pala establishments must have drawn away a number of learned monks from Nalanda. The Vajrayana influence on Buddhism grew strong under the Palas and this appears to have also had an effect on Nalanda. What had once been a centre of liberal scholarship with a Mahayanist focus grew more fixated with Tantric doctrines and magic rites. Taranatha's 17th-century history claims that Nalanda might have even been under the control of the head of the Vikramshila Mahavihara at some point.
• The Mahavihara: Nalanda was a residential school. In its heyday, it is claimed to have accommodated over 10,000 students and 2,000 teachers. Chinese pilgrims estimated the number of students to have been between 3,000 and 5,000.The school was marked by a lofty wall and one gate. Nalanda had eight separate compounds and ten temples, along with many other meditation halls and classrooms. On the grounds were lakes and parks. The complex was built with red bricks.The subjects taught at Nalanda covered every field of learning, and it attracted pupils and scholars from Korea, Japan, China, Tibet, Indonesia, Persia and Turkey.
• The library at Nalanda was an immense complex called the Dharmaganja and it was separated into three large buildings: the Ratnasagara, the Ratnadadhi, and the Ratnaranjaka. The Ratnadadhi (Ocean of Gems) was nine stories high and housed the most sacred manuscripts .



Ruin of llibrary

• The library not only collected religious manuscripts but also had texts on such subjects as grammar, logic, literature, astrology,astronomy, and medicine.
• According to the Bhaskara Samhita, an ancient text on organizational practices, the library was to be built in a “finely built stone building” and each manuscript would have been placed on iron shelves or stack and covered with cloth and tied up. Furthermore, the librarian in charge, according to the text, was not only responsible for maintaining the materials but also for guiding readers in their studies.
• Xuanzang records the number of teachers at Nalanda as being around 1510. Of these, approximately 1000 were able to explain 20 collections of sūtras and śāstras, 500 were able to explain 30 collections, and only 10 teachers were able to explain 50 collections. Xuanzang was among the few who were able to explain 50 collections or more. At this time, only the Shilabhadra had studied all the major collections of sūtras and śāstras at Nalanda.
• The Chinese monk Yijing wrote that matters of discussion and administration at Nalanda would require assembly and consensus on decisions by all those at the assembly, as well as resident monks.
• The scholar Dharmakirti (7th century), one of the Buddhist founders of Indian philosophical logic, as well as one of the primary theorists of Buddhist atomism, taught at Nalanda.
• Other forms of Buddhism, such as the Mahayana Buddhism followed in Vietnam, China, Koreaand Japan, flourished within the walls of the ancient school. A number of scholars have associated some Mahayana texts such as the Śūraṅgama Sūtra, an important sūtra in East Asian Buddhism, with the Buddhist tradition at Nalanda.
• Nalanda was visited by both Mahavira and Buddha in sixth and fifth centuries BCE.It is also the place of birth and nirvana of Shariputra, one of the famous disciples of Buddha.Many scholars and historical figures of note are associated with Nalanda including,

• Aryabhata
• Aryadeva, student of Nagarjuna
• Chandrakirti
• Dharmakirti, logician
• Dharmapala
• Dinnaga, founder of Buddhist Logic
• Nagarjuna, formaliser of the concept of Shunyata
• Padmasambhava, master of Tantric Buddhism
• Shantarakshita, founder of the first monastic order in Tibet
• Shilabhadra, the teacher of Xuanzang
• Xuanzang, Chinese Buddhist traveller
• Yijing, Chinese Buddhist traveller

• The decline of Nalanda is concomitant with the disappearance of Buddhism in India. Xuanzang observed that his religion was in slow decay and even had ominous premonitions of Nalanda's forthcoming demise.By the time of the Palas, the traditional Mahayana and Hinayana forms of Buddhism were imbued with Tantric practices involving secret rituals and magic. The rise of Hindu philosophies in the subcontinent and the waning of the Buddhist Pala dynasty after the 11th century meant that Buddhism was hemmed in on multiple fronts, political, philosophical, and moral. The final blow was delivered when its still-flourishing monasteries, the last visible symbols of its existence in India, were overrun during the Muslim invasion that swept across Northern India at the turn of the 13th century.In around 1200 CE, Bakhtiyar Khilji, a Turkic chieftain in the service of a commander in Awadh, plundered Nalanda. The Persian historian, Minhaj-i-Siraj in his Tabaqat-i Nasiri, recorded his deeds a few decades later.
• Excavations have revealed eleven monasteries and six major brick temples arranged in an ordered layout.Sculptures, murals, copper plates, inscriptions, seals, coins, plaques, potteries and works in stone, bronze, stucco and terracotta have been unearthed. The Buddhist sculptures notably include those of the Buddha in different postures, Avalokiteshvara, Jambhala, Manjushri, Marichi, and Tara. Images of Brahmanical deities such as Vishnu, Shiva-Parvathi, Ganesha, Mahishasura Mardini, and Surya have also been discovered in the ruins.
• Nalanda is no longer inhabited. Today the nearest habitation is a village called Bargaon.
• The  Memorial Hall is an Indo-Chinese undertaking to honour the famed Buddhist monk and traveller. A relic, comprising a skull bone of the Chinese monk, is on display in the Xuanzang Memorial Hall.

(11) Narhan

• In Gorakhpur district,UP.
• Narhan culture is one of the chalcolithic culture in northern Vindhyan and middle and lower Ganga valley.
• Ceramic pieces and animal bones have been found.Thatched roofed wattle and daub structures were present at Senuwar and Narhan. Iron generally appears with black and red ware in pre-NBP levels at site like Narhan. Cord impressed pottery of red and grey color, many of them burnished on the outside with beautiful incised decorations.

(12) Narnaul

• Narnaul was also closely associated with the Sur-Afghans. Sher Shah’s grandfather, Ibrahim Khan, came here first. He got the town of Narnaul and surrounding villages from the then administrator of Firoze-i-Hisar to meet the expenses of the forty horseman militia he provided. After his death Hasan Khan, father of Sher Shah Suri, the supplanter of Humayun, became the Jagirdar of Narnaul. 
• After the Second Battle of Panipat, Akbar gifted this Jagir to Shah Quli Khan Mahram who arrested Hemu, the famous warrior general of Rewari.

(13) Nasik

• The city got its present name in 1818 when the Peshwas got control of the city.

Pandulena/Pandava Caves, Nasik

The group of 24 cave excavation is located 8 km southwest of Nasik town (ancient city of Nasika or Nasikya which figures in many of the donor inscriptions of west Indian caves). The hill was known as Trirasmi, probably due to the location of three independent hill groups which marks the end of Trimbak-Anjaneri range of Sahyadris.

Left top clockwise:1.A Vihara Cave. 2. Partially destroyed Mahavir Sculpture .3.Prayer Hall.4.Statue of Budhha 5.Chaitya in cave 18

• Being located on the ancient rade route connecting the ports of western India and north and south Indian cities, Nasika was a major city during ancient period. The excavation carried out here shows continuous habitation from around 5th century B.C. The presence of Northern Black Polished Ware indicates its contacts with the north Indian cities.
• The establishment at Nasikya also thrived from the rich and generous donations and patronage of people from all classes. A large number of inscriptions found here attests to this fact. This group of caves is also credited with the patronage received from a large number of kings of the Satavahanas(3rd century B.C. to 3rd to 4th centuries A.D). The inscriptions mentions kings like Krishna (c. 205 – 187 B.C.); Gautami Putra Satakarni (c. 106 – 130 A.D.); Vasisthiputra Pulumavi (c. 130 – 158 A.D.); Sri Yajna Satakarni (c. 171 – 201 A.D.) of the Satavahana dynasty and Nahapana (c. 119 – 125 A.D.) and his son-in-law Usabadatta of the Kshaharatas, a Saka family contemporary to Satavahanas and also maintained matrimonial relations with them. 
• Two of the earliest monasteries here were caused by the Satavahanas and Kshaharatas. The commoners also donated for the caves including monks, a writer, the latter was a Saka from Dasapura (modern Mandasor, Madhya Pradesh). Other members of royal families who donated include Gautami Balasri (mother of Gautamiputra Satakarni), Usavadatta, and Abhira Madharaputra Isvarasena.
• The earliest excavations hare are datable to second century B.C. and the place was in occupation up to 6th – 7th centuries A.D. The excavation here includes chaityagrhas, viharas and water cisterns. 
• Cave 18, a chaityagrha,  started in 1st century B.C. as attested by an inscription although it was completed in the present form during 1st century A.D. The early character of this cave is attested by the imitation of wooden work on the façade.The façade is richly carved with chaitya windows, railings, the beams with end of rafters, pillars with octagonal shafts, bell shaped members below the stepped abaci and addorsed animal capitals. The inner hall is apsidal and divided into a central nave and side aisles by a row of 17 pillars. A stupa measuring is placed at the back of the nave. The chaityagrha is plain except for the decorative ghata bases on stepped pedestals of the pillars. Some of the pillars are plain octagons. The medhi (drum) of the stupa is exceptionally high, over which a semi-circular stupa (anda) with a railing rests, which is topped by a harmika and an inverted stepped pyramidal.
• Three inscriptions are found in this cave, the first one records ‘the gift of (the residents of) Dhambikagama of Nasika’. The second records that ‘the rail pattern and Yaksha were caused by one Nadasiriya. The third records that ‘the chaitagrha on mount Trirasmi was consecrated by one Mahahakusiri Bhatapalika, daughter of a royal minister’.
• Cave 20, a monastery, was first started by an ascetic but the final completion was done during the 7th regnal year of Satavahana king Yajna Satakarni by the wife of a mahasenapati. The cave also witnessed later period additions in the form of cells, a shrine, enlargement of hall during 6th - 7th centuries A.D. Buddha attended by Padmapani and Vajrapani is housed in the shrine.
• Cave 17 also belongs to the same period and was a gift by a Yavana from Dattamitri. This cave also received additions and alterations during later period when a relief of Buddha was added.
• Among the monasteries, Cave 19 is one of the earliest excavated during the reign of Satavahana king Krishna by a monk from Nasika. The monasteries, Cave 3 & 10 are the most important and largest among all the caves here.
• Cave 10 is the gift of Saka Ushabhadata and his wife Dakshamitra, daughter of King Nahapana of the Kshaharata family. Many inscriptions of this family can be seen on the walls of the verandah and left wall of the court. The donations include provisions for monk’s cloth, frugal deity of 20 monks during varsha and perpetual endowment to provide medicine for the sick monks, the last by a female lay devotee of the Saka lineage during the reign of Abhira king Isvarasena. The cave consists of a pillared verandah, with a cell on either side, and 16 cells with rock-beds on three sides of a spacious hall. The pillars of the verandah are highly decorated. They consist of octagonal shafts resting on ghata base on stepped pedestal, crowned by an inverted ghata followed by compressed amalaka in oblong frames, inverted stepped abaci. The capitals consist of two pairs of addorsed animals – bull, lion, sphinx, ram and composite figures.
• Cave 3, again a vihara, slightly later in date but more ornamented than Cave 10. Cave 3 was the gift of Gautami Balasri, the mother of Gautamiputra Satakarni, the most powerful among the Satavahanas. The inscription found here record that the work was started during the reign of Gautamiputra Satakarni and was completed in the 19th year of his son, Vasishtiputra Pulumavi. The donation also includes a village to pay for the cost of embellishing the cave with paintings. On plan it consists of a pillared verandah, hall with cells and benches in front on three sides and on the centre of the back wall is a relief of a stupa. The pillars of the verandah are very much similar to that of Cave 10 in terms of design and execution. The exception is the addition of a low parapet wall here with railing pattern and yaksha figures. The pillars support a highly decorated and ornamented parapet imitating a balcony with all the details of wooden rafters and tie-beams. The main hall is entered by a door the frame of which is decorated in the form of a torana, while the shaft is in shakas with figures of ganas, amorous figures and nayikas. Two dvarapalas guard the entrance.
• Cave 23 contains the most number of reliefs of Buddha and Bodhisattvas, female deities, etc. A panel depicting mahaparinirvana could also be seen here.

(14) Nasirpur / Nasarpur

• Nasarpur is a town in the Sindh province of Pakistan.Nasarpur was one of the oldest city-settlements in the Indus Valley Civilization which thrived in ancient times along the Indus River. City has been wrecked and re-erected many times in history, sometimes repeatedly. But in other cases the destruction has been so complete that the city was abandoned completely.
• It is an Ochre colored pottery site.

(15) Nausharo (Location near Mehgarh, Part-M)

• Nausharo is located in Balochistan, Pakistan. It is well known as an archaeological site for the Harappan period.Excavations at Nausharo, 6 km from Mehrgarh, revealed a dwelling-site contemporaneous and identical to Mehrgarh, It was occupied between 3000 and 2550 BCE and again between 2550 and 1900 BCE.
• The discovery of a pottery workshop at Nausharo revealed fired and unfired pottery pieces and unworked clay, as well as 12 flint blades or blade fragments. 
• The blades showed use-wear traces that indicates their usage in shaving clay while shaping pottery on a potter's wheel.
• Copper traces found on the platforms of two blades.

(16) Navdatoli

• Navdatoli is an Archaeological Site, is just opposite Maheshwar, on the southern bank of the Narmada. 
• Navdatoli yielded painted pottery and microliths.A broad sequence of cultures from the Lower Palaeolithic period up to the 18th century have existed at Navdatoli. The third period of occupation has been dated at between 1500 BC and 1200 BC. 
• House plans from this period have been excavated which show either circular or rectangular buildings. The circular houses had the walls and roof were made of split bamboo covered with mud.

(17) Navsari

• Navsari, one of the oldest cities of Gujarat, and twin city of Surat.According to the Greek historical writings, a  Egyptian astronomer and geographer named Ptolemy mentioned Navsari's port in his book written about 150 A.D. The geographic location he showed as Narispa.

(18) Nelakanker

• There are many iron bearing megathilic sites in Madhya Pradesh-Chattisgarh: Nelakanker,Dhanora,Sonabhir,Karhibhandari,Chirachori, Maja-gaham,Kabrahata,Sorara,Sankanpalli,TImmelwada,Handaguda.

(19) Nellore

• Nellore existed from the times of the Mauryan empire and was ruled by Ashoka in the 3rd century B.C. It was annexed by the Pallavas between the fourth and sixth centuries A.D. It was later part of Kakatiyas, Vijayanagara Empire, Sultanate of Golconda,Mughal Empire and Arcot Nawabdom. In the 18th century, Nellore was taken over by the British from the Arcot Nawabs and was part of the Madras Presidency of British India. The city had an important role in the emergence of the Telugu language.

(20) Noh

• In Bharatpur district.Painted Grey Ware and NBPW have been found.

(21) Nevasa

• A multilevel settlement dating from the Paleolithic period to the Middle Ages on the Pravara River, in the state of Maharashtra.The discovery at Nevasa of ancient and middle Paleolithic cultures was of great importance. It attested to the development of material culture in India. Nevasa’s Aeneolithic layer reveals a settled agricultural culture characterized in the second millennium B.C. by implements (elongated plates) similar to those of the Harappa civilization. The various periods in the history of ancient and medieval states of this region of India are dated by coins.
• A famous temple of Shani, Shani Shingnapur is located near Sonai in Nevasa.