INDIAN HISTORY THROUGH MAP- PART-H

(1) Haldighati

• Battle of Haldighati:On June 21, 1576 , the armies of Pratap and Akbar (led by Syed Hashim) met at Haldighati, near the town of Gogunda.The battle of Haldighati has commanded a lasting presence in Rajasthani folklore, and the persona of Pratap Singh

(2) Halebid / Dwarsamudra  Given earlier!!
(3) Hallur

(4)Hampi

(5)Hansi

(6) Hanstinapur 
(7) Harappa 

• Harappa is anarchaeological site in Punjab, eastern Pakistan. The site of the ancient city contains the ruins of a Bronze Age fortified city, which was part of the Cemetery H culture and the Indus Valley Civilization.
• Per archaeological convention of naming a previously unknown civilization by its first excavated site, the Indus Valley Civilization is also called the Harappan Civilization.
• The Indus Valley Civilization (also known as the Harappan culture) has its earliest roots in cultures such as that of Mehrgarh, approximately 6000 BCE. 
• The two greatest cities, Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, emerged 2600 BCE along the Indus River valley in Punjab and Sindh.
• The civilization, with a writing system, urban centers, and diversified social and economic system.

Top Left from left to right each line:(1)A large well and bathing platforms are remains of Harappa(2)Coach driver (3)Miniature Votive Images or Toy Models from Harappa. Hand-modeled terra-cotta figurines with polychromy.(4)Harappa. Fragment of Large Deep Vessel. Red pottery with red and black slip-painted decoration(5)Granary is a brick structure that was built on a massive brick foundation. Two rows of six rooms that appear to be foundations are arranged along a central passageway that is about 7 meters wide and partly paved with baked bricks(6)Cubical weights in graduated sizes. These weights conform to the standard Harappan binary weight system that was used in all of the settlements. The smallest weight in this series is 0.856 grams and the most common weight is approximately 13.7 grams, which is in the 16th ratio. In the large weights the system become a decimal increase where the largest weight is 100 times the weight of the 16th ratio in the binary system. These weights may have been used for controlling trade and possibly for collecting taxes.(7)A large public well and public bathing platforms. These public bathing areas may also have been used for washing clothes(8)Working platform:To the south of the "granary" or "great hall" at Harappa is an area with numerous circular working platforms that were built inside small rooms or courtyards. These circular working platforms may have been used for husking grain.(9)Terracotta Toy Boat(10)Majestic Zebu Bull,The rarity of zebu seals is curious because the humped bull is a recurring theme in many of the ritual and decorative arts of the Indus region, appearing on painted pottery and as figurines(11)A collection of seals and tablets from a single house(12)Long rectangular seals and a terra cotta sealing (bottom) with Indus script. The top seal has seven signs of Indus script. The back of this seal is convex and it is perforated from the side(13) this large corbelled drain was built in the middle of an abandoned gateway at Harappa to dispose of rainwater and sewage

Culture and economy:

• Indus Valley civilization was mainly an urban culture sustained by surplus agricultural production and commerce, the latter including trade with Sumer in southern Mesopotamia. Both Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa are generally characterized as having differentiated living quarters, flat-roofed brick houses, and fortified administrative or religious centers.Although such similarities have given rise to arguments for the existence of a standardized system of urban layout and planning, the similarities are largely due to the presence of a semi-orthogonal type of civic layout, and a comparison of the layouts of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa shows that they are in fact, arranged in a quite dissimilar fashion.
• The chart weights and measures of the Indus Valley Civilization were highly standardized, and conform to a set scale of gradations. Distinctive seals were used, among other applications, perhaps for identification of property and shipment of goods. Although copper and bronze were in use, iron was not yet employed. 
• Cotton was woven and dyed for clothing; wheat, rice, and a variety of vegetables and fruits were cultivated; and a number of animals, including the humped bull, were domesticated,"as well as "fowl for fighting".
• Wheel-made pottery—some of it adorned with animal and geometric motifs—has been found in profusion at all the major Indus sites. A centralized administration for each city, though not the whole civilization, has been inferred from the revealed cultural uniformity; however, it remains uncertain whether authority lay with a commercial oligarchy.
• What is clear is that Harappan society was not entirely peaceful, with the human skeletal remains demonstrating some of the highest rates of injury (15.5%) found in South Asian prehistory. [10] Paleopathological analysis demonstrated that leprosy and tuberculosis were present at Harappa, with the highest prevalence of both disease and trauma present in the skeletons.Furthermore, rates of cranio-facial trauma and infection increased through time, demonstrating that the civilization collapsed amid illness and injury. The bioarchaeologists who examined the remains have suggested that the combined evidence for differences in mortuary treatment and epidemiology indicate that some individuals and communities at Harappa were excluded from access to basic resources like health and safety, a basic feature of hierarchical societies world-wide. 

Archaeology:

• The excavators of the site have proposed the following chronology of Harappa's occupation:

1. Ravi Aspect of the Hakra phase, 3300 – 2800 BC. 
2. Kot Dijian (Early Harappan) phase, 2800 – 2600 BC. 
3. Harappan Phase, c. 2600 – 1900 BC. 
4. Transitional Phase, c. 1900 – 1800 BC. 
5. Late Harappan Phase, c. 1800 – 1300 BC. 

• By far the most exquisite and obscure artifacts unearthed to date are the small, square steatite (soapstone) seals engraved with human or animal motifs. A large number of seals have been found at such sites as Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. Many bear pictographic inscriptions generally thought to be a form of writing or script.These signs remain undeciphered. It is also unknown if they reflect proto-Dravidian or other non-Vedic language.
• Suggested earliest writing: Clay and stone tablets unearthed at Harappa, which were carbon dated 3300–3200 BCE., contain trident-shaped and plant-like markings. They have suggested as possibly the earliest writings anywhere in the world. This primitive writing is placed slightly earlier than primitive writings of the Sumerians of Mesopotamia, dated c.3100 BCE.These markings have similarities to what later became Indus Script. This discovery also suggests that the earliest writings by mankind developed independently in three places (Harappa, Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt) between 3500 BCE and 3100 BCE.
• The termination of the Harappan tradition at Harappa falls between 1900 and 1500 BCE. 
• Mohenjo-daro is another major city of the same period, located in Sindh province of Pakistan. One of its most well-known structures is the Great Bath of Mohenjo-daro. 
• Dholavira is another ancient town belonging to Indus Valley Civilisation, established in India. The Harappans used roughly the same size bricks and weights as were used in other Indus cities, such as Mohenjo Daro and Dholavira. These cities were well planned with wide streets, public and private wells, drains, bathing platforms and reservoirs.

(8) Haridwar 

(9) Hariparigom (Location nearby Burzahom)

• Neolithic site like Burzahom in Kashmir.

(10) Harwan

(11) Hastinapur (Location near Delhi)

(12) Hathigumpha 

(13)Hathnora

• A skull fragment of hominid found in Hathnora in the Narmada Valley in central India indicate that India might have been inhabited in the Middle Pleistocene era around 250,000 years ago.

• Evolution of Man
  First Fossile -- Male -Ramapithecus                     Female - Shivapithecus                               (10-14 million years ago) These fossils were found in Shivalik and Salt range Homoerectus: Found in Hathnora (Lower Palaeolithic) 10 lakh B.C. Homo sapiens : Found in Upper Palaeolithic Regions

(14) Hattibelagallu

(15) Hiregudda

• In Sanganakallu-Kupgal, the dolerite trap that runs through the hill locally known as Hiregudda is associated along its length with various rock art sites.
• Sanganakallu belongs to Neolithic period (3000 BC – beginning of Christian era), complex of hills (peacock hills) is 8 km from Bellary ,it is One of the earliest village settlements in South India.Different types of burial structures have been found.
• At Sanganakallu the people who settled were the earliest agriculturists, they cultivated small millets and pulses, they kept sheep, cattle, they had separate areas for dumping dung (ash mounds), has the earliest houses of mud and stone.
• Manufacture stone tools on a large scale shows the rich Neolithic culture and skills.
• The Neolithic rock art can be seen on boulders.Many of the motifs on the rocks are of cattle. Some are of human-like figures, either on their own or accompanied by cattle. Some of these are in chains or with bows and arrows.

(16) Hissar 

(17) Hokra / Hakra

(18) Hospet 

(19) Hulas

• Hulas,in the Saharanpur district of UP, is a late Indus Valley Civilization archeological site.
• Hulas is one of the sites belonging to Chalcolithic Culture Phase in Doab which are located mostly along the higher banks of tributaries of Yamuna.Most of these settlements are small and three of these sites are excavated (Hulas, Alamgirpur and Bargaon). Occupation of this lateHarappan site goes back to 2000 BC.
• Architecture:Rectangular mud structures with rammed floors, post-holes and hearths were identified in the earliest phase. In the Middle phase, clusters of two or three circular storage bin–type structures were found inside some of rectangular mud houses. Five round furnaces were found in some of the structures belonging to final phase.
• Artefacts found:Hand made and wheel made pottery with geometric or naturalistic designs painted in black, chert blades, bone points etc.Terrecotta inscribed sealing.
• Agricultural activity: Horse gram, Cow pea (which is of African origin), walnuts, oats, lintel, pea, chickpea, ragi, rice (both wild and cultivated variety),Fruits of pipal tree

(20) Hydarabad