INDIAN HISTORY THROUGH MAP- PART-D

(1) Dabhol

• Dabhol,(Dabul) is a small seaport town in the Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra  on the north bank of the mouth of the Vashishti River in the Konkan region.
• In the 15th and 16th centuries, Dabul was Muslim trade center, first under the Bahmani, later under the Adilshahi sultans of Bijapur. 
• As the port with most convenient access to the Bahmani sultanate's capital at Bidar, Dabul's fortunes ascended quickly.At its height, it was the most important port between Chaul and Goa.
• It was bombarded, sacked by a Portuguese under Francisco de Almeida in December, 1508, in a prelude to the famous Battle of Diu. Although the city's fort was not taken. By the time of the last recorded attack, in 1571, there was little left to sack.
• The break-up of the Bahmani state into several smaller Deccan sultanates had accelerated Dabul's decline and alternative, more convenient ports were cultivated. In the course of the 16th century, a lot of commerce was redirected away from Dabul and towards the rising new port of Rajapur further south.
• Dabhol was of great importance in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries. It used to be the principal port of South Konkan region, carrying on trade with ports in the Mediterranean, the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. During 13th to 15th centuries this port was ruled by the Bahamani dynasty and was known as Mustafabad then Hamjabad and then it was Dabhol.
• Shahi Masjid with dome and minarets standing close to the port built in Adilshah’s Regime by Aisha Bibi (Adilshah’s Begum)in 1659-60. 
• Dabul was conquered by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj around 1660.

(2) Daimabad 

• An archaeological site on the left bank of the Pravara River, a tributary of the Godavari River in Ahmednagar district.
• Five distinct Chalcolithic cultural phases, based on painted ceramics:

Phase I: Savalda culture

• The houses of mud walls with rounded end, trilateral, of single room, two rooms and three rooms, with hearths, storage pits and jars.The plant remains included barley, lentil, common pea, grass pea and black gram/green gram. 
• The excavation yielded copper-bronze rings, beads of shell, terracotta, carnelian and agate, microliths, tanged arrowheads of bone, phallus-shaped object made of agate etc.. The ware of this phase was of medium-to-coarse fabric, made on slow wheel. It was mostly painted in ochre-red colour.The burnished grey ware, the black burnished corrugated ware and the handmade thick coarse red ware with incised and applied decorations were the other ceramics found.

Phase II: Late Harappan culture:

• The walls were made of black clay with their foundations in the black soil. Large patches of finely plastered floors were found in some of the houses. The houses were arranged on either side of a 30–50 cm thick wall made of black clay. 
• A mud-brick lined grave was found consisting of a skeleton laid out in an extended position. The body seems to have been originally covered with reeds of fibrous plants.
• The main ware was a fine red ware with linear and geometric designs painted on it in black pigment. Its shape included dishes-on-stand, bowls-on-stand, dishes and vases. 
• Two terracotta button-shaped seals with Harappan writings and four inscribed potshreds. Other artifacts found included stone tools such as microlithic blades, beads of gold, stone and terracotta, bangles of shell and a terracotta measuring scale. The plant remains were same as Phase I, except horse gram, which made its appearance for the first time in this phase.

Phase III: Daimabad culture:

• The typical pottery was a black-on-buff-and-cream ware, mainly a slow-wheel-made ceramic, fast-wheel-turned examples. It was treated on the outside with thin slip, flaked off at places, and was painted in black with chiefly geometric designs. 
• Microlithic blades, bone tools,elephant tusk, beads and graduated terracotta rings used perhaps as the measuring devices. 
• Hyacinth bean was added to the plant remains in this phase. 
• A copper-smelting furnace was found. 
• Three burials found from this phase were of three different types, one pit burial, one post-cremation urn burial and one symbolic burial.

Phase IV: Malwa culture

• Mud houses in this phase were spacious, usually rectangular, with mud-plastered floors, wooden posts embedded in the thick mud walls and steps leading up to the doorway from outside. 
• A house with furnaces, one with a copper razor, was identified as a coppersmith's workshop. On the basis of the occurrence of fire altars, certain structures were identified as religious structures. An elaborate structural complex, which besides the residential houses or rooms closely connected with it, included a mud platform with fire altars and an apsidal mud-wall structure, probably associated with sacrificial activity. 
• Either pit or urn burials. Fibrous plant were laid out at the bottom of the pits. 
• The artifacts: microlithic blades, copper objects, faience beads, terracotta and bone objects.
• The plant remains included barley,wheat, finger millet,lentils and pulses.
• The shapes of the pottery:the carinated bowl, the handi-type vase with tubular spout, incurved bowl and the lota continued in the Jorwe phase.

Phase V: Jorwe culture

• The settlement increased. The houses of a butcher, lime maker, potter, bead maker and merchant.Traces of a mud fortification wall. 
• The Jorwe Ware with all its characteristic types and painted designs, was deep-red in colour and had a shining surface similar to the Lustrous Red Ware. The associated wares were the burnished grey ware and the thick coarse handmade ware.
• The artifacts found from this phase included microliths, copper objects, beads and terracotta figurines. A cylinder seal of terracotta, a horse-drawn cart, probably a camel was also found. 
• The crop remains found in this phase included almost similar to the earlier phase, with the addition of three new types of millets, kodon millet, foxtail millet and jowar. 
• 44 were urn burials, 3 were extended pit burials and one was an extended burial in an urn.
• A hoard of four bronze objects :sculpture of a chariot, a water buffalo,an elephant,a rhinoceros

(3) Daman

• The Portuguese Diogo de Melo arrived at the spot by chance in 1523, when heading towards Ormuz.Soon after it was settled as a Portuguese colony and remained so for over 400 years. 
• A larger fort was built in Motidaman in the 16th century to guard against the Mughals. 
• Daman was incorporated into the Republic of India in December 1961 after a battle between the Portuguese and the Indians.

(4) Dari-dungri

• In Sambalpur District, Orissa.
• A large number of lower and middle palaeolithic tools were found in explorations at Dari-dungri

(5) Daojali hading 

• Early Neolithic cultures based on the unifacially flaked hand-axe in the Garo hills have developed in line with the Hoabinhian culture( Holocene period archaeological assemblages excavated from rock shelters), and it is conjectured that this region was the contact point for the Indian and the Southeast Asian cultures.
• These neolithic sites, though widely spread, are concentrated in the hills and high grounds, due possibly to the floods. These cultures performed shifting cultivation called jhum, which is still practiced by some communities in the region. Some typical sites are Daojali Hading in Dima Hasao, Sarutaru in Kamrup district and Selbagiri in the Garo Hills.

(6) Dasapura (Modern Mandsor / Mandsaur)

• Mandsaur or Mandsour is a city in the Malwa region and district of Madhya Pradesh.
• There is an inscription about Bandhuvarma at Mandsaur. The silk workers had constructed a Sun temple here which was repaired by Bandhuvarma (436 CE). 
• The ruler of Mandsaur, Yashodharma, also identified with Vishnuvardhana, erected a pillar of victory at Bayana due to which Bayana’s name became Vijaygarh.Yashodharma Vishnuvardhana had assumed the title of ‘Maharajadhiraja’.
• In Sondani(small village near Mandsaur),Two monolith pillars were erected here by King Yasodharman in 528 AD with inscription which describe his exploits including victory over Hunas.The inscription bears verses composed by the poet Vasula. This eulogy has been engraved by Govinda. The composition is in Sanskrit language and brahmi script is north. 
• The Gurjara Pratihara empire was extended up to Mandasor during the reign of Mahendrapala II.
• After the attack of Timur, the Delhi Sultanate became weak. Dilawar Khan Ghauri was governor of the Malwa province of central India during the decline of the Delhi Sultanate. Dilawar Khan declared himself Sultan of Malwa in 1401, and passed the kingdom to his son Hoshang Shah Gauri. Thus he had practically come to Mandu in 1401 as the first sultan of Malwa. Dilawar had also shifted the capital from Dhar to Mandu, renaming it Shadiabad, the city of joy.Hushang Shah Gauri (1405–1435), who constructed fort at strategically important Mandsaur city to strengthen his north-west boundary.In 1519 Rana Sanga occupied the fort.
• In 1733 the Malwa subedar of Mughals Sawai Jaisingh attacked the fort but was defeated by Marathas and the fort went to Marathas.
• Hinglajgarh or Hinglaj Fort is an ancient fort situated near village Navali in Bhanpura tehsil of Mandsaur district in Madhya Pradesh.The Hinglajgarh had been centre of excellence in craftmanship of sculptures for about 800 years(from Guptas period to Parmara period)

(7) Daulatabad / Devagiri / Deogiri

• The Yadavas were initially ruling under the Chalukyas of Kalyani Bhillama V who was one of the powerful Yadava rulers led victorious campaigns against the Hoysalas, Paramaras and Chalukyas founded the city of Deogiri and shifted his capital here. Since then the succeeding Yadava rulers held their capital here.  The place, was originally named Devagiri, when it was an important uplands city along caravan routes.
• During the rule of Ramachandradeva Ala-ud-din Khilji invaded and captured Deogiri through deceit in A.D. 1296.However, Ramachandradeva was allowed to rule from here as a vassal. Later, Malik Kafur led two campaigns against Ramachandradeva and his son Shankardeva in A.D. 1306-07 and 1312 respectively; Shankardeva was killed during the latter campaign. Harapaladeva was placed on the throne by Malik Kafur who later ascertained his independence. This led to another successful campaign against Deogiri by Qutb-ud-din Mubarak Shah Khilji and the fort was annexed to the Delhi Sultanate. Muhammad-bin-Tughluq succeeded the Khiljis at Delhi and he renamed Deogiri as Daulatabad and seeing its impregnable fort, shifted the capital from Delhi in A.D. 1328 and forcibly moved the entire population of Delhi here, for two years, before it was abandoned later.
• Fort of Daulatabad: The area of the city includes the hill-fortress of Devagiri. Much of the lower slopes of the hill has been cut away by Yadava dynasty rulers to leave 50 meter vertical sides to improve defenses. The fort is a place of extraordinary strength.

• Besides the fortifications Devagiri contains several notable monuments like Chand Minar and the Chini Mahal. The Chand Minar is a tower 210 ft  high . It was erected in 1445 by Ala-ud-din Bahmani to commemorate his capture of the fort.

(8)Debal -(Location same as Karachi)

Karachi

• Debal/Daybul was an ancient port located near modern Karachi, Sindh.It is adjacent to the nearby Manora Island and was administered by Mansura, and later Thatta.
• Debal was founded in the 1st century AD, and soon became the most important trading city in Sindh. Ibn Hawqal mentions huts of the city and the dry arid land surrounding the city that supported little agriculture.The Abbasids were the first to build large stone structures including a city wall and a citadel.
• Debal and the Manora Island and was visited by Ottoman admiral Seydi Ali Reis in 1554. In 1568 Debal was attacked by the Portuguese Admiral Pinto in an attempt to capture or destroy the Ottoman vessels anchored there.
• Banbhore are the ruins of this ancient port city.

(9) Dehradoon 

(10) Delhi

(11)Deogarh 

• Deogarh is a village near the town of Lalitpur in Lalitpur district, UP.
• The Gupta temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu,the Dashavatara Temple, is the earliest known Panchyatana temple in North India.Special features of this ancient temple include carved figurines of river goddesses Ganga and Yamuna on the doorway to the sanctum sanctorum,,the Nar Narayan Tapasya, and the Anantshayi Vishnu reclining on a serpent.

Dashavatar Temple

From top left clockwise: 1. Vishnu in sitting posture under the serpent's hood 2.Sheshashayi Vishnu reclining on the serpent-bed of Shesha. 3. Carved Panel relief on the doorway of Dashavata Temple depicting Lakshmi flanked by Gada and Chakra ayudhapurushas (personified Vishnu's weapons) tending to Vishnu's feet 4. Carved panel of Gajendra Moksha- Vishnu saves Gajendra, the elephant from clutches of crocodile on one of the walls of the Vishnu temple.5.Nara Narayana panel on the eastern wall of the Vishnu temple

• The fort on the hill is dominated by a cluster of Jain temples, the oldest of these dating to the 8th or 9th century. Apart from Jain temples, the wall frescoes of Jain images of "iconographic and the stylistic variety", are special features of the fort. 

  

  From left top clockwise:1.The Shantinath Temple columns in the fort show Jainmonks.2. The Shantinath Temple in the fort area at Deogarh. The columns in the temple show Jain monks.3. Parsva and other tirthankaras from Jainism depicted on a panel in the temple

(13) Desalpur

• Desalpur (Gunthli) is a site belonging to Indus Valley Civilisation located in Kutch District. Desalpur is 25 km away from Bhuj.
• In addition to regular Harappan pottery, a thin grey ware carefully potted and painted with lines of bluish green pigment were found.
• Apart from basic Harappan pottery, two script bearing seals, one of steatite and other of copper were also found; one script bearing terrecotta sealings was also found.
• Desalpur had a massive stone fortification .Several houses were built adjascent to fort wall inside the town and central part of the settlement had a structural complex with foundation offsets, massive walls and spacious rooms.

(14) Devni mori

(15) Dhaka

(16) Dhamner

(17) Dhanora

(18)Dharnikota / Dhanyakataka

• Dharanikota is a village in Amaravati mandal,A.P. 
• Archaeological excavations at Dharanikota revealed viharas.,great stupa. Ancient Dhanyakataka, which was the capital of the Satavahana dynasty that ruled in the Deccan around the 1st to 3rd centuries CE. It was also the capital of the Kota Vamsa, which ruled during the medieval period until the mid 12th century. 
• The Krishna River Valley is an important rice producing area. It was also an important centre of trade with other parts of India and foreign countries.
• Xuanzang visited Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh and wrote a glorious account of the place and the viharas that existed then.

(19) Dhara 

(20) Dharmat (Location nearby Ujjain) 

• The Battle of Dharmat: Fought by the rebel Mughal princes, Aurangzeb and Murad, against the leading Rajput mansabdar in the Mughal Empire,Raja Jaswant Singh, on the 15th of April 1658. The battle was fought near the village of Dharmat outside the city of Ujjain—the capital of the Mughal province of Malwa. Aurangzeb had won.

(21) Dhauli

• Dhauli hills are located on the banks of the river Daya, 8 km south of Bhubaneswar 
• It has major Edicts of Ashoka engraved on a mass of rock, by the side of the road leading to the summit of the hill. 
• The Rock Edicts found here include Nos. I-X, XIV and two separate Kalinga Edicts. 
• In Kalinga Edict VI, Ashoka expresses his concern for the "welfare of the whole world". The rock-cut elephant above the Edicts is the earliest Buddhist sculpture of Odisha.
• Ashoka built several chaityas, stupas and pillars there. He got abodes excavated for the recluse, instructions inscribed for officials, expounded the main principles of dandaniti for the public, provided special status to his new kingdom including the stupas at Dhauli.
• The nearby region also houses Ashokan edicts.
• The Dhauligiri hills also has an ancient Shiva temple.

(22) Dholvira

• Dholavira is an archaeological site at Khadirbet in Kutch District in Gujarat. It is one of the five largest Harappan sites belonging to the Indus Valley Civilization. It is located on the Khadir bet island in the Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary in Great Rann of Kutch
• The site was occupied from c.2650 BCE, declining slowly after about 2100 BCE. It was briefly abandoned and reoccupied until 1450 BCE.
• A coastal route existed linking Lothal and Dholavira to Sutkagan Dor on the Makran coast.
• Excavations unearthed large numbers of antiquities such as seals, beads, animal bones, gold, silver, terracotta ornaments, pottery and bronze vessels.

Architecture and Material Culture:

• The city of Dholavira has a rectangular shape and organization. Unlike Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, the city is composed to a pre-existing geometrical plan, of three divisions – the citadel, the middle town and the lower town. 
• The acropolis and the middle town had been further furnished with their own defence-work, gateways, built-up areas, street system, wells and large open spaces. The acropolis(citadel) is the most carefully guarded. 
• The towering "castle" stands in fair insulation and defended by double ramparts. Next to this stands a place called 'bailey' where important officials lived. 
• Beyond the walls, yet another settlement has been found. 
• The most striking feature of the city is that all of its buildings are built out of stone, whereas most other Harappan sites, including Harappa itself and Mohenjo-daro, are almost exclusively built out of brick. 
• Dholavira is flanked by two storm water channels; the Mansar in the north, and the Manhar in the south.

Reservoirs:

• The kind of efficient system of Harappans of Dholavira, developed for conservation, harvesting and storage of water speaks eloquently about their advanced hydraulic engineering,
• Dholavira had massive reservoirs.They were used for storing the fresh water brought by rains or to store the water diverted from two nearby rivulets.This clearly came in wake of the desert climate and conditions of Kutch. A seasonal stream which runs in north-south direction of the site was dammed at several points to collect water.
• The inhabitants of Dholavira created sixteen or more reservoirs of varying size. Some of these took advantage of the slope of the ground within the large settlement.
• Reservoirs are cut through stones vertically. Reservoirs skirted the city while citadel and bath are centrally located on raised ground. 



One of the water reservoirs, with steps, at Dholavira

• A large well with a stone-cut trough to connect the drain meant for conducting water to a storage tank also found.
• A rectangular stepwell was excavated in 2014 which measures 73.4m long, 29.3m wide, and 10m deep and three times bigger than the Great bath of Mohenjedaro.

Seal Making

• Some of the seals found at Dholavira contained animal only figures, without any type of script and it is suggested that these type of seals represent early conventions of Indus seal making.

Hemispherical Constructions

• Seven Hemispherical constructions were found at Dholavira, which were constructed over large rock cut chambers. 
• Having a circular plan, these were big hemispherical elevated mud brick constructions. One of the excavated structures was designed in the form of a spoked wheel. The other was also designed in same fashion, but as a wheel without spokes.
• Although they contained burial goods of pottery, no skeletons were found except for one grave, where a skeleton and a copper mirror were found.A necklace of steatite beads strung to a copper wire with hooks at both ends, a gold bangle, gold and other beads were also found in one of the hemispherical structures.
• These hemispherical structures bear similarity to early Buddhist stupas.The kind of design that is of spoked wheel and unspoked wheel also remind one of the Sararata-chakra-citi and sapradhi-rata-chakra-citi mentioned in the Satapatha Brahmana and Sulba-sutras.
• A soft sandstone sculpture of a male with phallus erectus but head and feet below ankle truncated were found.

Findings

• Painted Indus black-on-red-ware pottery, square stamp seals, seals without Indus script, a huge sign board measuring about 3 m in length, containing ten letters of Indus script etc.
• One seated male figure made of stone has also been found, comparable to high quality two stone sculptures found at Harappa. 
• Large black-slipped jars with pointed base were also found at this site. 
• A giant bronze hammer, a big chisel, a bronze hand-held mirror, a gold wire, gold ear stud, gold globules with holes, copper celts and bangles, shell bangles, phallus-like symbols of stone, square seals with indus inscription and signs, a circular seal, carleian humped animals, pottery with painted motifs, goblets, dish-on-stand, perforated jars, Terracotta tumblers in good shape, architectural members made of ballast stones, grinding stones, mortars, etc., were also found at this site.
• Stone weights of different measures were also found.

Language and script

• The Harrapans spoke an unknown language and their script has not yet been deciphered. The direction of the writing was generally from right to left. Most of the inscriptions are found on seals (mostly made out of stone) and sealings (pieces of clay on which the seal was pressed down to leave its impression). Some inscriptions are also found on copper tablets, bronze implements, and small objects made of terracotta, stone and faience. 
• The seals may have been used in trade and also for official administrative work.
• One of the most significant discoveries at Dholavira was Dholavira Signboard. The Harappans had arranged and set pieces of the mineral gypsum to form ten large symbols or letters on a big wooden board.The inscription is one of the longest in the Indus script, with one symbol appearing four times, and this and its large size and public nature make it a key piece of evidence that the Indus script represents full literacy. 
• A four sign inscription with big size letters on a sand stone is also found at this site, considered first of such inscription on sand stone at any of Harappan sites.

(24) Didwana

• The city is famous for its Hindu traditional culture and philosophy and the Maths.
• The mathura Das Ji ka jaav, the well built by the maharaja of Jodhpur in 12th Century.
• The temples of these maths are generally regarded to be very beautiful.
• The name Didwana used to be 'Deen Deewana' as this is a mystic land of Islamic Sufi movement and epicenter. Abdul Ghaffar Rumi stayed here while traveling with Khwaja Mueenuldin Chishti. The Sufi triangle of Ajmer, Nagaur and Didwana gave a mystic journey of anyone. 
• Akbar made 'Qila Masjid' in the loving memory of the footsteps of Khwaja Mueenuldin Chishti.

(25) Dindigul

• Dindigul region was the border of the three prominent kingdoms of South India, the Pandyas, Cheras and Cholas. 
• The Chera king Dharmabalan is believed to have built the temples of Abirami and Padmagirinathar. 
• The ancient Tamil book, Silappathikaram records the city as the northern border of the Pandya kingdom whose capital was Madurai. 
• Historian Strabo mentions about the city in his 20 A.D. work and Plini, the great historian of the time described about the Pandya king in his works.
• The history of Dindigul is centered around the fort over the small rock hill and fort.

(26) Dipalpur / Depalpur

• Depalpur is a city in Okara District of the Punjab, Pakistan.
• In 997 CE, Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi, took over the Ghaznavid dynasty empire established by his father. In 1005 he conquered the Shahis in Kabul in 1005, and followed it by the conquests of northern Punjab region. The Delhi Sultanate and later Mughal Empire ruled the region. 
• After the decline of the Mughal Empire, the Sikh Empire invaded and occupied Dipalpur.
• In the past, Dipalpur was surrounded by a fortified wall, rising to the height of 25 feet and strengthened by a deep trench.it was renovated, repaired and improved during the rule of Firoz Shah Tughluq and later by Abdur Rahim Khan-e-Khanan, who was the governor during the time of Akbar. Firoz Shah Tughluq constructed a grand mosque and palaces. He also excavated a canal from the river Sutlej to irrigate gardens around the town.
• Many Muslim saints have come to preach in this area. Hazrat Bahawal Haq commonly known as Bahawal SherQalandar came from Baghdad and settled in the village of Patharwall near Dipalpur. 

(27) Diu

• Historically part of the Saurashtra region of Gujarat and an important port on trade routes of Arabian sea of Indian Ocean.
• Due to its strategic importance, there was a Battle of Diu in 1509 between Portugal and a combined force of Turkey,Egypt, Venice and the Sultan of Gujarat, Mahmud Begada. In 1513, the Portuguese tried to establish an outpost there, but negotiations were unsuccessful. There were failed attempts by Portugueses many times to conquest.
• In 1535 Bahadur Shah, the Sultan of Gujarat, concluded a defensive alliance with the Portuguese against the Mughal emperor Humayun, and allowed the Portuguese to construct the Diu Fort and maintain a garrison on the island.
• The alliance quickly unraveled, and attempts by the Sultans to oust the Portuguese from Diu between 1537 and 1546 failed and he was killed by the Portuguese. 
• In 1538,Sofar, lord of Cambay, together with the Turkish Suleiman Pasha of Ottoman Empire, came to lay siege to Diu, and were defeated by Portuguese. A second siege was imposed by the same Sofar, in 1546, and repelled by the Portuguese.
• After this second siege, Diu was so fortified that it could withstand later attacks of the Arabs of Muscat and the Dutch in the late 17th century. From the 18th century, Diu declined in strategic importance due to development of Bombay.
• Diu remained in the possession of the Portuguese from 1535 until 1961, when it fell in the possession of the troops of the Indian Union, which invaded all of former Portuguese India under Operation Vijay.

(28) Dvarsamudra (Helebid)

(29) Dwarka

• Dwarka is one of the foremost Chardham four sacred Hindu pilgrimage sites, and is one of the Sapta Puri seven most ancient religious cities in the country. 
• The Dwarkadhish Temple was built around 200 BCE and was enlarged in the 17th century. 
• Dwarka is mentioned in the copper inscription dated 574 AD of Simhaditya, the minister of Vallabhi under Maitraka. 
• The nearby Bet Dwarka island is a religious pilgrim site and the important archeological site of Late Harappan period.
• Archaeological excavations have uncovered underwater stone structures which have been described as showing settlement during proto-historic times. 
• The harbour site dates only to historical times, with some of the underwater structure being late medieval. Coastal erosion was probably the cause of the destruction of what was an ancient port.